Organic Fertilizer Sources Distinctively Modulate Productivity, Quality, Mineral Composition, and Soil Enzyme Activity of Greenhouse Lettuce Grown in Degraded Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Laboratory Soil Incubation Study (Exp. 1)
2.1.1. Experimental Conditions
2.1.2. Experimental Design and Analysis
2.2. Greenhouse Trial (Exp. 2)
2.2.1. Experimental Conditions
2.2.2. Experimental Design, Measurements, and Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Nitrogen Mineralized from Organic Fertilizers during Laboratory Incubation Assay
3.2. Agronomic Response of Lettuce and Soil Enzymatic Activity under Greenhouse Trial
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fertilizer Treatment | SPAD Index | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 DAT | 9 DAT | 15 DAT | 23 DAT | 28 DAT | |
Control | 14.93 | 19.52 c | 24.67 c | 24.90 | 24.65 |
Poultry manure | 14.53 | 23.30 b | 26.27 b | 24.31 | 24.67 |
Insect frass | 15.46 | 23.13 b | 26.33 b | 24.38 | 24.88 |
Vinasse-based fertilizer | 15.25 | 24.63 a | 28.29 a | 25.20 | 25.24 |
MSE | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.64 | 1.13 |
CV (%) | 4.27 | 8.99 | 5.47 | 3.28 | 3.26 |
Tukey (5%) | 1.25 | 1.32 | 1.34 | 1.68 | 2.24 |
Fertilizer Treatment | Fv/Fm | ||
---|---|---|---|
20 DAT | 25 DAT | 30 DAT | |
Control | 0.837 | 0.831 a | 0.852 |
Poultry manure | 0.836 | 0.822 b | 0.845 |
Insect frass | 0.842 | 0.834 a | 0.855 |
Vinasse-based fertilizer | 0.838 | 0.830 ab | 0.849 |
MSE | 0.000279 | 0.000014 | 0.000465 |
CV (%) | 1.804 | 0.577 | 2.313 |
Tukey (5%) | 0.035 | 0.008 | 0.045 |
Fertilizer Treatment | Shoot Fresh Weight (g Plant−1) | Shoot Dry Weight (g Plant−1) | Root Dry Weight (g Plant−1) | Root to Shoot Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 132.31 c | 5.13 b | 1.91 | 0.39 |
Poultry manure | 172.99 b | 7.49 ab | 2.46 | 0.34 |
Insect frass | 230.99 a | 9.97 a | 2.41 | 0.24 |
Vinasse-based fertilizer | 233.15 a | 9.33 a | 2.70 | 0.29 |
MSE | 331.5 | 2.01 | 0.22 | 0.01 |
CV (%) | 24.21 | 29.05 | 21.80 | 31.42 |
Tukey (5%) | 38.24 | 2.98 | 1.00 | 0.19 |
Fertilizer Treatment | Macronutrients (g/kg DW) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | P | K | Ca | Mg | |
Control | 44.16 | 3.33 b | 82.72 | 14.09 | 5.63 |
Poultry manure | 43.10 | 4.05 b | 90.30 | 12.93 | 5.95 |
Insect frass | 41.05 | 4.07 b | 84.36 | 12.51 | 5.78 |
Vinasse-based fertilizer | 42.55 | 5.09 a | 85.52 | 11.80 | 5.51 |
MSE | 3.09 | 0,20 | 40.67 | 1.78 | 1.29 |
CV (%) | 4.57 | 18.51 | 7.47 | 11.45 | 18.02 |
Tukey (5%) | 3.69 | 0.95 | 13.39 | 2.80 | 2.39 |
Fertilizer Treatment | Essential Trace Elements (mg/kg DW) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Fe | Mn | Zn | Cu | Mo | Ni | |
Control | 21.72 | 190.89 | 285.36 | 52.40 | 12.78 | 0.37 a | 0.29 |
Poultry manure | 26.70 | 185.91 | 314.19 | 65.55 | 19.77 | 0.39 a | 0.20 |
Insect frass | 25.18 | 196.72 | 297.24 | 55.85 | 17.98 | 0.36 a | 0.27 |
Vinasse-based fertilizer | 25.14 | 128.06 | 254.83 | 51.59 | 14.52 | 0.25 b | 0.18 |
MSE | 16.44 | 9511.57 | 4866.77 | 177.74 | 17.32 | 0.002 | 0.011 |
CV (%) | 16.55 | 52.32 | 23.02 | 23.48 | 28.81 | 19.31 | 44.78 |
Tukey (5%) | 8.51 | 204.81 | 146.50 | 28.00 | 8.74 | 0.08 | 0.22 |
Fertilizer Treatments | Non-Essential Trace Elements (mg/kg DW) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na | Al | Ba | Cd | Co | Cr | Pb | Se | Sn | |
Control | 3.62 | 440.17 | 19.04 | 0.24 | 0.23 a | 0.28 | 1.29 a | 0.92 | 0.89 |
Poultry manure | 3.83 | 402.93 | 22.28 | 0.36 | 0.17 ab | 0.32 | 0.81 b | 0.84 | 0.83 |
Insect frass | 4.66 | 338.47 | 25.35 | 0.26 | 0.17 ab | 0.40 | 0.77 b | 0.98 | 0.83 |
Vinasse-based fertilizer | 3.61 | 254.33 | 17.63 | 0.28 | 0.09 b | 0.25 | 0.52 b | 1.02 | 0.83 |
MSE | 1.127 | 32,475.66 | 42.56 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.027 | 0.044 | 0.034 | 0.004 |
CV (%) | 26.68 | 49.27 | 31.32 | 25.99 | 37.12 | 50.66 | 40.59 | 19.04 | 7.48 |
Tukey (5%) | 2.23 | 378.44 | 13.70 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.35 | 0.44 | 0.39 | 0.14 |
Fertilizer Treatment | AcP (µg p-Nitrophenol/g h) | AlkP (µg p-Nitrophenol/g h) | ArS (µg p-Nitrophenol/g h) | DHA (µg Triphenyl formazan/g h) | NAGase—Chitinase (µg p-Nitrophenol/g h) | THA (µg Hydrolyzed FDA/g h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 48.74 b | 362.25 b | 4.83 c | 0.42 b | 8.84 c | 14.26 c |
Poultry manure | 91.61 a | 619.94 a | 8.29 b | 1.87 a | 47.81 ab | 63.93 a |
Insect frass | 99.35 a | 561.58 a | 11.43 a | 1.88 a | 57. 61 a | 61.31 a |
Vinasse-based fertilizer | 65.35 ab | 336.50 b | 8.21 b | 0.84 b | 30.85 b | 35.56 b |
MSE | 298.53 | 1766.50 | 1.81 | 0.19 | 71.26 | 26.31 |
CV (%) | 34.13 | 28.14 | 32.90 | 61.52 | 56.66 | 49.10 |
Tukey (5%) | 36.28 | 88.26 | 2.83 | 0.93 | 17.73 | 10.77 |
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Cardarelli, M.; El Chami, A.; Iovieno, P.; Rouphael, Y.; Bonini, P.; Colla, G. Organic Fertilizer Sources Distinctively Modulate Productivity, Quality, Mineral Composition, and Soil Enzyme Activity of Greenhouse Lettuce Grown in Degraded Soil. Agronomy 2023, 13, 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010194
Cardarelli M, El Chami A, Iovieno P, Rouphael Y, Bonini P, Colla G. Organic Fertilizer Sources Distinctively Modulate Productivity, Quality, Mineral Composition, and Soil Enzyme Activity of Greenhouse Lettuce Grown in Degraded Soil. Agronomy. 2023; 13(1):194. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010194
Chicago/Turabian StyleCardarelli, Mariateresa, Antonio El Chami, Paola Iovieno, Youssef Rouphael, Paolo Bonini, and Giuseppe Colla. 2023. "Organic Fertilizer Sources Distinctively Modulate Productivity, Quality, Mineral Composition, and Soil Enzyme Activity of Greenhouse Lettuce Grown in Degraded Soil" Agronomy 13, no. 1: 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010194
APA StyleCardarelli, M., El Chami, A., Iovieno, P., Rouphael, Y., Bonini, P., & Colla, G. (2023). Organic Fertilizer Sources Distinctively Modulate Productivity, Quality, Mineral Composition, and Soil Enzyme Activity of Greenhouse Lettuce Grown in Degraded Soil. Agronomy, 13(1), 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010194