Application of Precision Agriculture for the Sustainable Management of Fertilization in Olive Groves
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Georeferencing and Preliminary Surveys
2.3. Soil, Leaf and Drupe Sampling
2.4. Laboratory Analysis
2.5. Olive Tree Yield
2.6. Multispectral Data from UAV
2.7. Flight Scheduling and Images Acquisition
2.8. Data Analysis and Processing
2.9. Nitrogen Balance and Prescription Map Realization
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Mean | SD | CV (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Clay (%) | 30 | 3.30 | 11 |
Silt (%) | 13 | 1.92 | 15 |
Sand (%) | 57 | 4.01 | 7 |
Total organic carbon (%) | 0.67 | 0.10 | 14 |
Total nitrogen (%) | 0.15 | 0.03 | 20 |
Total carbonates (%) | 5.09 | 3.23 | 64 |
pH | 7.24 | 0.18 | 2 |
Electrical conductivity (dS m−1) | 0.16 | 0.03 | 17 |
EC | TC | Sandy | TOC | Ns | Nf | K | Ca | Fe | Mg | Mn | Zn | TCSA | Yield | NDVI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ns | 0.13 | 0.30 | 0.02 | 0.52 *** | |||||||||||
K | −0.13 | 0.43 ** | 0.10 | −0.24 | 0.35 * | 0.30 | |||||||||
Ca | −0.03 | 0.42 ** | 0.03 | −0.12 | 0.38 * | 0.25 | 0.91 *** | ||||||||
Mg | −0.13 | 0.27 | 0.00 | −0.23 | 0.10 | 0.38 * | 0.80 *** | 0.82 *** | 0.28 | ||||||
Mn | −0.04 | 0.63 *** | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.43 ** | 0.27 | 0.92 *** | 0.85 *** | −0.10 | 0.70 *** | |||||
Zn | −0.04 | 0.00 | 0.02 | −0.32 | 0.00 | 0.36 * | 0.62 *** | 0.68 *** | 0.41 * | 0.82 *** | 0.40 * | ||||
Cu | −0.08 | −0.16 | −0.07 | −0.37 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.31 | 0.47 ** | 0.52 *** | 0.48 ** | 0.06 | 0.74 *** | |||
TCSA | 0.35 * | −0.02 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.12 | −0.28 | −0.37 | −0.17 | 0.10 | −0.45 | −0.29 | −0.35 | |||
Yield | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.49 ** | 0.34 * | 0.42 *** | −0.04 | −0.11 | 0.03 | −0.04 | −0.24 | −0.07 | −0.23 | 0.53 *** | ||
NDVI | 0.30 | −0.10 | 0.34 ** | 0.42 ** | 0.12 | 0.01 | −0.39 | −0.21 | 0.20 | −0.38 | −0.30 | −0.25 | 0.73 *** | 0.69 *** | |
Canopy area | 0.21 | −0.03 | 0.37 ** | 0.33 * | 0.13 | −0.10 | −0.33 | −0.13 | 0.14 | −0.36 | −0.27 | −0.26 | 0.78 *** | 0.76 *** | 0.90 *** |
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Roma, E.; Laudicina, V.A.; Vallone, M.; Catania, P. Application of Precision Agriculture for the Sustainable Management of Fertilization in Olive Groves. Agronomy 2023, 13, 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020324
Roma E, Laudicina VA, Vallone M, Catania P. Application of Precision Agriculture for the Sustainable Management of Fertilization in Olive Groves. Agronomy. 2023; 13(2):324. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020324
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoma, Eliseo, Vito Armando Laudicina, Mariangela Vallone, and Pietro Catania. 2023. "Application of Precision Agriculture for the Sustainable Management of Fertilization in Olive Groves" Agronomy 13, no. 2: 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020324