Temporal Stability of Grazed Grassland Ecosystems Alters Response to Climate Variability, While Resistance Stability Remains Unchanged
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Experimental Design and Sampling
2.2.1. Experimental Design
2.2.2. Sampling
2.3. Calculations
2.3.1. Biodiversity, Asynchrony, and Stability
2.3.2. Climate Data
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Grazing Intensity, Temperature Variability, and Precipitation Variability on Plant Community Diversity and Species Asynchrony, Temporal Stability
3.2. Effects of Grazing Intensity, Temperature Variability, and Precipitation Variability on Resistance Stability
4. Discussion
4.1. Grazing Impacts the Temporal Stability of Productivity, Not Resistance Stability
4.2. Opposing Regulatory Effects of Precipitation and Temperature Variability on Productivity Stability in Grazing Ecosystems
4.3. Mechanisms for Maintaining the Stability of Grassland Productivity under Climate Variability
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Month | GI | Species Asynchrony | Temporal Stability | Resistance Stability |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± Std | Mean ± Std | Mean ± Std | ||
May | HG | 0.18 ± 0.13 c | 1.31 ± 0.13 b | 0.03 ± 0.019 a |
LG | 0.44 ± 0.20 ab | 1.56 ± 0.37 a | 0.05 ± 0.11 a | |
MG | 0.34 ± 0.19 bc | 1.54 ± 0.20 a | 0.04 ± 0.04 a | |
NG | 0.49 ± 0.11 a | 1.34 ± 0.13 ab | ||
June | HG | 0.34 ± 0.15 c | 2.09 ± 0.40 b | −0.02 ± 0.01 a |
LG | 0.60 ± 0.13 b | 2.42 ± 0.49 b | −0.01 ± 0.06 a | |
MG | 0.51 ± 0.22 b | 2.75 ± 0.66 b | −0.04 ± 0.02 a | |
NG | 0.89 ± 0.06 a | 3.69 ± 1.07 a | ||
July | HG | 0.35 ± 0.20 c | 3.10 ± 1.06 ab | −0.04 ± 0.01 a |
LG | 0.70 ± 0.15 b | 3.33 ± 0.75 ab | −0.08 ± 0.05 b | |
MG | 0.50 ± 0.18 c | 2.84 ± 0.76 b | −0.06 ± 0.02 ab | |
NG | 0.92 ± 0.04 a | 4.09 ± 1.41 a | ||
August | HG | 0.39 ± 0.17 c | 2.39 ± 0.53 b | −0.06 ± 0.01 a |
LG | 0.71 ± 0.11 b | 3.06 ± 0.67 b | −0.09 ± 0.05 b | |
MG | 0.48 ± 0.17 c | 2.59 ± 0.58 b | −0.06 ± 0.02 a | |
NG | 0.91 ± 0.05 a | 4.20 ± 1.11 a | ||
September | HG | 0.40 ± 0.13 c | 1.91 ± 0.36 c | −0.07 ± 0.01 a |
LG | 0.65 ± 0.15 b | 2.53 ± 0.56 bc | −0.08 ± 0.06 a | |
MG | 0.50 ± 0.18 c | 3.05 ± 1.02 ab | −0.09 ± 0.02 a | |
NG | 0.88 ± 0.06 a | 3.52 ± 0.92 a |
Biomass | Shannon-Wiener | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
F | P | F | P | |
GI | 39.15 | <0.001 | 12.37 | 0.002 |
Y | 46.10 | <0.001 | 5.55 | 0.04 |
M | 195.26 | <0.001 | 2.40 | 0.16 |
GI × Y | 1.95 | 0.20 | 17.47 | <0.001 |
GI × M | 37.51 | <0.001 | 1.79 | 0.23 |
Y × M | 0.35 | 0.57 | 64.93 | <0.001 |
GI × Y × M | 11.50 | 0.003 | 18.95 | <0.001 |
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GI | M | GI × M | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | F | p | F | p | |
Species asynchrony | 20.87 | <0.001 | 0.40 | 0.54 | 0.60 | 0.63 |
Temporal stability | 13.19 | 0.002 | 0.15 | 0.71 | 0.42 | 0.74 |
Resistance stability | 0.49 | 0.64 | 69.08 | 0.001 | 0.83 | 0.48 |
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Han, Y.; Wu, Y.; Cui, J.; Li, H.; Li, H.; Zhang, J.; Miao, B.; Wang, L.; Li, Z.; Liang, C. Temporal Stability of Grazed Grassland Ecosystems Alters Response to Climate Variability, While Resistance Stability Remains Unchanged. Agronomy 2023, 13, 2030. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082030
Han Y, Wu Y, Cui J, Li H, Li H, Zhang J, Miao B, Wang L, Li Z, Liang C. Temporal Stability of Grazed Grassland Ecosystems Alters Response to Climate Variability, While Resistance Stability Remains Unchanged. Agronomy. 2023; 13(8):2030. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082030
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Ying, Yantao Wu, Jiahe Cui, Hangyu Li, Hao Li, Jinghui Zhang, Bailing Miao, Lixin Wang, Zhiyong Li, and Cunzhu Liang. 2023. "Temporal Stability of Grazed Grassland Ecosystems Alters Response to Climate Variability, While Resistance Stability Remains Unchanged" Agronomy 13, no. 8: 2030. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082030