Enhanced Soil Moisture Management Using Waste Green Algae-Derived Polymers: Optimization of Application Rate and Mixing Depth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Synthesis of the Green Algae Polymers
2.3. Green Algae Polymer Performance Testing
2.3.1. Swelling Behavior and Reuse Performance Test
2.3.2. Water Retention Capacity
2.4. Soil Infiltration and Evaporation with Green Algae Polymer
2.4.1. Soil Water Infiltration
2.4.2. Soil Water Evapotranspiration
2.5. Infiltration Models, Evaporation Models and Evaluation Indices
2.5.1. Wetting Front Propulsion Model
2.5.2. Cumulative Infiltration Model
- 1.
- Lewis equation:I = Ktα
- 2.
- Philip infiltration model:I = St0.5
- 3.
- Horton infiltration model:I = at + (b − a)(1 − e−ct)/c
2.5.3. Evaporation Model
2.5.4. Evaluating Indices of Models
2.6. Comprehensive Evaluation
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Swelling Performance
3.2. Water Retention Capacity
3.3. Soil Water Infiltration
3.3.1. Wetting Front
3.3.2. Cumulative Infiltration
3.3.3. Infiltration Model
3.4. Soil Cumulative Evaporation
3.5. Optimal Polymer Management Practices Based on Comprehensive TOPSIS Evaluations
4. Discussion
4.1. Swelling Performance of Polymers Prepared from Green Algae
4.2. Effects of Green Algal Polymer on Soil Infiltration and Evaporation
4.3. Effects of Polymer Management on Overall Benefits
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Application Rate (%) | Maximum Mixing Depths (cm) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | CK | 0.15 | 0.3 | 0.45 | 0.6 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | ||
Wetting front propulsion model | A | 3.611 | 1.649 | 2.032 | 2.975 | 2.756 | 0.789 | 1.693 | 2.002 | 2.094 | 2.184 | |
B | 0.511 | 0.611 | 0.543 | 0.453 | 0.429 | 0.632 | 0.528 | 0.511 | 0.522 | 0.525 | ||
MAE | 0.423 | 1.522 | 1.191 | 0.35 | 1.055 | 0.409 | 0.270 | 0.911 | 1.010 | 0.881 | ||
RRMSE | 0.026 | 0.105 | 0.079 | 0.021 | 0.061 | 0.034 | 0.019 | 0.063 | 0.063 | 0.054 | ||
CRM | 0.004 | 0.023 | 0.014 | 0.002 | 0.009 | −0.001 | 0.002 | 0.009 | 0.011 | 0.010 | ||
CE | 0.998 | 0.979 | 0.988 | 0.999 | 0.992 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.993 | 0.992 | 0.994 | ||
Cumulative infiltration model | Lewis | K | 3.347 | 3.160 | 3.697 | 4.891 | 6.067 | 8.636 | 7.631 | 5.646 | 4.812 | 3.697 |
α | 0.361 | 0.366 | 0.322 | 0.273 | 0.234 | 0.150 | 0.162 | 0.231 | 0.267 | 0.322 | ||
MAE | 0.511 | 0.879 | 0.989 | 1.149 | 1.284 | 0.303 | 0.472 | 0.734 | 0.933 | 0.989 | ||
RRMSE | 0.057 | 0.084 | 0.094 | 0.092 | 0.090 | 0.034 | 0.042 | 0.061 | 0.081 | 0.094 | ||
CRM | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.006 | −0.001 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.009 | ||
CE | 0.984 | 0.969 | 0.957 | 0.953 | 0.947 | 0.984 | 0.977 | 0.973 | 0.960 | 0.957 | ||
Philip | S | 1.878 | 1.723 | 1.56 | 1.489 | 1.338 | 1.192 | 1.234 | 1.385 | 1.489 | 1.56 | |
MAE | 0.901 | 1.238 | 1.624 | 2.262 | 2.986 | 3.085 | 2.796 | 2.185 | 1.986 | 1.624 | ||
RRMSE | 0.098 | 0.123 | 0.153 | 0.181 | 0.21 | 0.224 | 0.225 | 0.182 | 0.173 | 0.153 | ||
CRM | 0.03 | 0.039 | 0.052 | 0.067 | 0.082 | 0.087 | 0.084 | 0.067 | 0.061 | 0.052 | ||
CE | 0.953 | 0.935 | 0.888 | 0.815 | 0.713 | 0.317 | 0.345 | 0.753 | 0.818 | 0.888 | ||
Horton | a | 0.141 | 0.108 | 0.083 | 0.061 | 0.043 | 0.031 | 0.04 | 0.052 | 0.066 | 0.083 | |
b | 6 | 6 | 5.6 | 8.4 | 10 | 9.7 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 6.6 | 5.6 | ||
c | 1.075 | 0.996 | 0.849 | 1.003 | 1.007 | 0.858 | 0.945 | 1.004 | 0.84 | 0.849 | ||
MAE | 1.154 | 1.098 | 1.529 | 1.81 | 2.133 | 2.541 | 2.4 | 1.723 | 1.757 | 1.529 | ||
RRMSE | 0.148 | 0.136 | 0.168 | 0.168 | 0.177 | 0.216 | 0.219 | 0.177 | 0.177 | 0.168 | ||
CRM | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.007 | ||
CE | 0.892 | 0.92 | 0.865 | 0.841 | 0.797 | 0.363 | 0.381 | 0.768 | 0.81 | 0.865 |
Application Rate (%) | Maximum Mixing Depths (cm) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | CK | 0.15 | 0.3 | 0.45 | 0.6 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | |
Black | F | 5.89 | 6.7 | 6.96 | 6.06 | 5.58 | 5.8 | 6.45 | 6.27 | 7.15 | 6.96 |
B | 5.22 | 4.62 | 4.2 | 5.23 | 6.12 | 6.29 | 5.89 | 5.16 | 4.94 | 4.2 | |
MAE | 2.75 | 2.54 | 2.56 | 2.47 | 2.21 | 2.23 | 2.45 | 2.39 | 2.7 | 2.56 | |
RRMSE | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | |
CRM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
CE | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.9 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.85 | |
Rose | C | −0.63 | −0.66 | −0.67 | −0.61 | −0.57 | −0.58 | −0.64 | −0.62 | −0.7 | −0.67 |
D | 9.69 | 9.41 | 9.15 | 9.67 | 10.21 | 10.51 | 10.56 | 9.68 | 10.07 | 9.15 | |
MAE | 1.21 | 1.17 | 1.21 | 0.96 | 0.72 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.92 | 1.11 | 1.21 | |
RRMSE | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | |
CRM | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | |
CE | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.96 |
Application Rate (%) | Maximum Mixing Depths (cm) | D+ | D− | Scores | Ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.00 | 50 | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.51 | 3 |
0.15 | 50 | 0.51 | 0.60 | 0.54 | 2 |
0.30 | 50 | 0.42 | 0.69 | 0.62 | 1 |
0.45 | 50 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.51 | 4 |
0.60 | 50 | 0.71 | 0.62 | 0.47 | 5 |
0.30 | 10 | 0.96 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 9 |
0.30 | 20 | 0.90 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 8 |
0.30 | 30 | 0.70 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 7 |
0.30 | 40 | 0.58 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 6 |
0.30 | 50 | 0.42 | 0.69 | 0.62 | 1 |
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He, Z.; Liang, J.; Lu, Y.; Yang, Q.; Lu, C.; Wu, D. Enhanced Soil Moisture Management Using Waste Green Algae-Derived Polymers: Optimization of Application Rate and Mixing Depth. Agronomy 2023, 13, 2335. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092335
He Z, Liang J, Lu Y, Yang Q, Lu C, Wu D. Enhanced Soil Moisture Management Using Waste Green Algae-Derived Polymers: Optimization of Application Rate and Mixing Depth. Agronomy. 2023; 13(9):2335. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092335
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Zijian, Jiaping Liang, Yanwei Lu, Qiliang Yang, Chengmei Lu, and Die Wu. 2023. "Enhanced Soil Moisture Management Using Waste Green Algae-Derived Polymers: Optimization of Application Rate and Mixing Depth" Agronomy 13, no. 9: 2335. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092335