Effects of Drought Hardening and Saline Water Irrigation on the Growth, Yield, and Quality of Tomato
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Agronomic Practices
2.4. Measurements of Soil Salinity
2.5. Measurements of Growth and Physiological Parameters
2.6. Measurements of Yield, WUE and Quality
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Salinity (EC)
3.2. Growth Parameters
3.3. Physiological Properties
3.4. Yield Components and Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
3.5. Fruit Quality
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Drought Hardening on Tomato Seedlings
4.2. Effects of Saline Water Irrigation
4.3. Combined Effects of Drought Hardening and Saline Water Irrigation
4.4. Future Research Plan
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | 2021 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A (μmol m−2 s−1) | E (mmol m−2 s−1) | Gs (mmol m−2 s−1) | Ci (μmol mol−1) | SPAD | |
CK | 14.01 ± 1.15 a | 11.22 ± 0.81 a | 415.79 ± 28.66 ab | 354.51 ± 6.18 c | 34.3 ± 3.6 ab |
W1S2 | 12.25 ± 1.18 abc | 9.28 ± 0.77b cd | 389.85 ± 17.12 abcd | 370.33 ± 28.18 bc | 35.6 ± 3.8 ab |
W1S4 | 10.11 ± 1.50 de | 8.52 ± 1.33 bcde | 350.36 ± 27.89 cde | 399.17 ± 52.22 abc | 34.0 ± 2.4 ab |
W1S6 | 9.28 ± 0.35 e | 7.16 ± 0.05 e | 347.25 ± 24.05 cde | 443.91 ± 67.91 abc | 31.9 ± 1.7 b |
W2S2 | 13.33 ± 2.08 ab | 9.48 ± 1.81 bcd | 405.76 ± 35.07 abc | 417.21 ± 109.43 abc | 36.0 ± 2.9 ab |
W2S4 | 11.21 ± 0.08 cd | 8.68 ± 1.13 bcde | 384.51 ± 44.24 abcd | 420.11 ± 59.69 abc | 35.4 ± 1.4 ab |
W2S6 | 10.45 ± 0.50 cde | 7.85 ± 0.32 de | 363.14 ± 29.32 bcde | 453.79 ± 49.35 ab | 35.2 ± 2.8 ab |
W3S2 | 13.69 ± 0.64 ab | 10.04 ± 1.51 ab | 435.92 ± 33.23 a | 434.43 ± 40.57 abc | 36.8 ± 2.1 a |
W3S4 | 11.80 ± 1.83 bcd | 9.86 ± 0.22 abc | 400.35 ± 28.92 abc | 458.70 ± 39.39 ab | 34.9 ± 2.6 ab |
W3S6 | 10.85 ± 0.20 cde | 8.42 ± 1.24 bcde | 334.63 ± 19.23 de | 484.70 ± 92.38 a | 32.2 ± 2.2 b |
W4S2 | 12.04 ± 1.62 bc | 9.69 ± 1.07 abc | 416.18 ± 88.67 ab | 363.52 ± 7.00 bc | 33.9 ± 3.1 ab |
W4S4 | 9.94 ± 0.47 de | 8.78 ± 0.22 bcde | 354.43 ± 4.48 cde | 398.01 ± 53.94 abc | 32.6 ± 2.5 ab |
W4S6 | 9.23 ± 0.51 e | 8.23 ± 0.79 cde | 323.05 ± 0.79 e | 410.37 ± 40.26 abc | 31.6 ± 2.3 b |
W | ** | ns | ns | ns | ns |
S | *** | *** | *** | ns | ns |
W × S | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Treatment | 2022 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A (μmol m−2 s−1) | E (mmol m−2 s−1) | Gs (mmol m−2 s−1) | Ci (μmol mol−1) | SPAD | |
CK | 12.99 ± 0.80 a | 9.87 ± 0.40 a | 385.72 ± 4.32 a | 311.08 ± 55.32 bc | 34.2 ± 0.6 ab |
W1S2 | 10.26 ± 0.22 bc | 7.73 ± 0.28 de | 278.97 ± 13.07 cd | 344.11 ± 43.36 bc | 32.6 ± 0.6 abc |
W1S4 | 10.07 ± 0.42 bc | 7.68 ± 0.22 de | 274.78 ± 8.68 de | 393.12 ± 61.63 bc | 30.4 ± 1.4 bc |
W1S6 | 8.80 ± 0.88 e | 7.41 ± 0.12 e | 264.04 ± 4.49 e | 430.21 ± 53.63 bc | 29.6 ± 6.6 c |
W2S2 | 10.40 ± 0.33 bc | 8.15 ± 0.18 bcd | 289.50 ± 9.66 bc | 373.62 ± 32.99 bc | 33.9 ± 1.9 abc |
W2S4 | 10.26 ± 0.05 bc | 8.07 ± 0.10 cd | 281.39 ± 4.07 bcd | 422.12 ± 9.47 bc | 32.9 ± 2.8 abc |
W2S6 | 8.99 ± 0.11 de | 7.47 ± 0.36 e | 264.11 ± 10.79 e | 442.63 ± 33.47 b | 30.0 ± 1.5 bc |
W3S2 | 10.47 ± 0.23 bc | 8.40 ± 0.24 bc | 291.82 ± 7.80 bc | 392.71 ± 89.21 bc | 35.7 ± 2.2 a |
W3S4 | 10.38 ± 0.84 bc | 8.13 ± 0.19 bcd | 284.32 ± 3.72 bcd | 593.63 ± 223.46 a | 33.3 ± 2.9 abc |
W3S6 | 9.83 ± 0.40 cd | 8.12 ± 0.34 cd | 280.00 ± 9.28 bcd | 625.14 ± 30.97 a | 31.5 ± 2.3 abc |
W4S2 | 10.80 ± 0.43 b | 8.62 ± 0.27 b | 294.09 ± 7.30 b | 293.66 ± 44.90 c | 33.5 ± 2.6 abc |
W4S4 | 10.67 ± 0.47 bc | 8.54 ± 0.35 bc | 292.36 ± 9.09 bc | 353.94 ± 33.45 bc | 33.0 ± 0.2 abc |
W4S6 | 10.52 ± 0.49 bc | 8.16 ± 0.47 bcd | 280.21 ± 12.58 bcd | 731.44 ± 160.89 a | 32.7 ± 0.7 abc |
W | ** | *** | ** | ** | ns |
S | *** | *** | *** | *** | * |
W × S | ns | ns | ns | ** | ns |
Treatment | 2021 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
TSS (%) | TS (%) | TA (%) | VC (mg 100g−1) | |
CK | 6.00 ± 0.43 j | 1.80 ± 0.39 f | 0.430 ± 0.030 h | 10.18 ± 0.71 f |
W1S2 | 6.68 ± 0.26 i | 1.91 ± 0.02 f | 0.539 ± 0.071 g | 11.42 ± 0.47 def |
W1S4 | 8.48 ± 0.05 e | 2.44 ± 0.32 de | 0.608 ± 0.035 e | 13.82 ± 0.48 abc |
W1S6 | 9.96 ± 0.06 b | 2.75 ± 0.25 cd | 0.398 ± 0.029 h | 10.58 ± 0.69 ef |
W2S2 | 7.15 ± 0.05 h | 2.14 ± 0.12 ef | 0.546 ± 0.009 g | 12.33 ± 0.73 cd |
W2S4 | 9.39 ± 0.13 c | 2.54 ± 0.21 d | 0.753 ± 0.029 b | 15.02 ± 2.37 a |
W2S6 | 11.20 ± 0.18 a | 2.90 ± 0.28 c | 0.696 ± 0.046 cd | 11.84 ± 1.05 de |
W3S2 | 7.67 ± 0.18 g | 2.77 ± 0.12 cd | 0.602 ± 0.035 ef | 12.83 ± 0.89 bcd |
W3S4 | 9.08 ± 0.09 d | 3.70 ± 0.04 ab | 0.868 ± 0.020 a | 14.78 ± 0.44 a |
W3S6 | 10.01 ± 0.03 b | 3.81 ± 0.17 a | 0.652 ± 0.017 cde | 11.26 ± 1.20 def |
W4S2 | 7.00 ± 0.02 h | 2.63 ± 0.09 cd | 0.549 ± 0.018 fg | 11.74 ± 0.47 def |
W4S4 | 8.01 ± 0.05 f | 2.89 ± 0.07 c | 0.703 ± 0.018 bc | 14.37 ± 0.48 ab |
W4S6 | 9.75 ± 0.05 b | 3.40 ± 0.17 b | 0.647 ± 0.022 de | 10.37 ± 0.53 ef |
W | *** | *** | *** | * |
S | *** | *** | *** | *** |
W × S | *** | ns | *** | ns |
Treatment | 2022 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
TSS (%) | TS (%) | TA (%) | VC (mg 100g−1) | |
CK | 5.85 ± 0.02 h | 1.40 ± 0.01 f | 0.468 ± 0.030 d | 11.84 ± 1.46 g |
W1S2 | 6.44 ± 0.03 g | 1.72 ± 0.14 ef | 0.489 ± 0.202 cd | 15.01 ± 0.90 ef |
W1S4 | 8.84 ± 0.27 d | 2.09 ± 0.07 de | 0.666 ± 0.009 abcd | 18.30 ± 0.34 ab |
W1S6 | 11.85 ± 0.18 a | 2.84 ± 0.24 ab | 0.865 ± 0.062 abcd | 15.72 ± 0.43 de |
W2S2 | 7.33 ± 0.17 f | 1.82 ± 0.06 ef | 0.692 ± 0.023 abcd | 15.61 ± 0.77 de |
W2S4 | 10.23 ± 0.05 b | 2.50 ± 0.05 bcd | 0.874 ± 0.055 abc | 19.17 ± 0.40 a |
W2S6 | 12.07 ± 0.32 a | 3.09 ± 0.50 a | 1.015 ± 0.823 a | 16.83 ± 0.85 cd |
W3S2 | 7.90 ± 0.05 e | 1.93 ± 0.05 e | 0.586 ± 0.021 bcd | 14.67 ± 0.51 ef |
W3S4 | 10.11 ± 0.03 b | 2.63 ± 0.49 abc | 0.779 ± 0.068 abcd | 17.50 ± 0.83 bc |
W3S6 | 11.93 ± 0.10 a | 3.05 ± 0.67 a | 0.950 ± 0.037 ab | 15.71 ± 0.47 de |
W4S2 | 7.50 ± 0.16 f | 1.85 ± 0.05 ef | 0.583 ± 0.032 bcd | 13.95 ± 1.30 f |
W4S4 | 10.02 ± 0.01 b | 2.19 ± 0.08 cde | 0.694 ± 0.014 abcd | 15.84 ± 0.65 de |
W4S6 | 11.87 ± 0.14 a | 2.70 ± 0.13 ab | 0.941 ± 0.056 ab | 12.33 ± 0.94 g |
W | *** | ns | ns | *** |
S | *** | *** | ** | *** |
W × S | *** | ns | ns | ns |
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Gao, Y.; Shao, G.; Cui, J.; Lu, J.; Tian, L.; Song, E.; Zeng, Z. Effects of Drought Hardening and Saline Water Irrigation on the Growth, Yield, and Quality of Tomato. Agronomy 2023, 13, 2351. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092351
Gao Y, Shao G, Cui J, Lu J, Tian L, Song E, Zeng Z. Effects of Drought Hardening and Saline Water Irrigation on the Growth, Yield, and Quality of Tomato. Agronomy. 2023; 13(9):2351. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092351
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Yang, Guangcheng Shao, Jintao Cui, Jia Lu, Longjia Tian, Enze Song, and Zhongyi Zeng. 2023. "Effects of Drought Hardening and Saline Water Irrigation on the Growth, Yield, and Quality of Tomato" Agronomy 13, no. 9: 2351. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092351