Improvement in Physiochemical Characteristics of ‘Prime Seedless’ Grapes by Basal Defoliation with Foliar-Sprayed Low-Biuret Urea and Cyanocobalamin under Mediterranean Climate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment
2.2. Vegetative Growth
2.3. Leaf Analysis
2.3.1. Chlorophyll (C55H72MgN4O5) Content
2.3.2. Proline (C5H9NO2) Content
2.3.3. Nutrient Contents
2.4. Berry Set and Total Yield
2.5. Fruit Physiochemical Characteristics
2.5.1. Cluster Parameters
2.5.2. Decay
2.5.3. Berry Parameters
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Vegetative Growth
3.2. Leaf Analysis
3.3. Fruit Set and Total Yield
3.4. Cluster Physical Characteristics
3.5. Decay Percentage
3.6. Berry Physical Characteristics
3.7. Berry Chemical Characteristics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Month | Year | Temperature (°C) | Humidity (%) | Rainfall (mm·Month−1) | Wind Speed (km·h−1) | Cloud (%) | Sun (h·Month−1) | UV Index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
September | 2021 | 34.2 | 53 | 0.0 | 12.1 | 5 | 379 | 7 |
2022 | 31.5 | 51 | 0.0 | 13.2 | 5 | 378 | 7 | |
October | 2021 | 31.5 | 55 | 0.8 | 11.0 | 10 | 389 | 6 |
2022 | 33.0 | 59 | 0.0 | 11.8 | 11 | 389 | 5 | |
November | 2021 | 27.8 | 62 | 2.6 | 11.1 | 8 | 378 | 6 |
2022 | 29.1 | 57 | 1.8 | 10.3 | 27 | 359 | 6 | |
December | 2021 | 19.7 | 66 | 4.2 | 13.1 | 22 | 380 | 5 |
2022 | 21.5 | 65 | 5.3 | 10.2 | 19 | 370 | 4 | |
January | 2022 | 17.0 | 54 | 4.1 | 13.9 | 31 | 369 | 4 |
2023 | 21.5 | 59 | 3.0 | 13.0 | 19 | 385 | 5 | |
February | 2022 | 18.2 | 57 | 10.0 | 12.2 | 31 | 334 | 4 |
2023 | 21.7 | 60 | 4.6 | 12.5 | 27 | 324 | 4 | |
March | 2022 | 20.5 | 58 | 2.3 | 14.6 | 23 | 371 | 7 |
2023 | 23.3 | 62 | 6.7 | 14.2 | 14 | 394 | 5 | |
April | 2022 | 23.9 | 51 | 0.8 | 13.3 | 15 | 382 | 7 |
2023 | 29.2 | 51 | 3.8 | 15.3 | 9 | 386 | 8 | |
May | 2022 | 29.0 | 38 | 0.0 | 14.2 | 10 | 393 | 7 |
2023 | 39.9 | 37 | 0.0 | 13.3 | 3 | 398 | 8 | |
June | 2022 | 32.6 | 44 | 0.0 | 13.5 | 7 | 386 | 8 |
2023 | 39.3 | 41 | 0.0 | 12.9 | 1 | 386 | 9 | |
July | 2022 | 36.7 | 46 | 0.0 | 12.5 | 8 | 398 | 8 |
2023 | 39.7 | 41 | 0.0 | 13.2 | 2 | 398 | 9 | |
August | 2022 | 36.1 | 47 | 0.0 | 12.8 | 4 | 398 | 8 |
2023 | 36.0 | 43 | 0.0 | 11.8 | 2 | 398 | 8 |
Parameter | Soil Depth (cm) | Water | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–30 | 30–60 | 60–90 | |||
Clay (%) | 4.29 | 4.29 | 4.29 | Transparency (cm) | 132.5 |
Silt (%) | 3.36 | 3.36 | 3.36 | Permeability index (%) | 55.64 |
Sand (%) | 92.31 | 92.31 | 92.31 | Water quality index | 21.54 |
Texture | Sandy | Sandy | Sandy | pH | 7.33 |
Field capacity (%) | 13.77 | 13.71 | 13.71 | Total dissolved salts (mg·L−1) | 204.9 |
Permanent wilting point (%) | 6.65 | 6.62 | 6.62 | E.C. (μmhos·cm−1) | 558.8 |
pH (1:2.5 extract) | 8.08 | 8.05 | 8.01 | O2 (%) | 95.80 |
Organic material (%) | 2.10 | 0.55 | 0.35 | CaCO3 (mg·L−1) | 100.6 |
E.C. (dS·m−1) [1:5 extract] | 2.03 | 2.01 | 2.01 | HCO3− (mg·L−1) | 159.5 |
CaCO3 (%) | 1.83 | 1.41 | 1.88 | CO32− (mg·L−1) | 7.00 |
HCO3− (meq·100 g−1) | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.40 | SO42− (mg·L−1) | 10.13 |
CO32− (meq·100 g−1) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | SiO2 (mg·L−1) | 1.21 |
SO42− (meq·100 g−1) | 3.17 | 4.04 | 4.13 | Cl− (mg·L−1) | 0.4.0 |
Cl− (meq·100 g−1) | 0.96 | 0.98 | 1.08 | Na+ (mg·L−1) | 29.20 |
Na+ (meq·100 g−1) | 0.48 | 0.66 | 1.42 | Ca2+ (mg·L−1) | 6.00 |
Ca2+ (meq·100 g−1) | 0.80 | 0.20 | 1.25 | Mg2+ (mg·L−1) | 0.70 |
Mg2+ (meq·100 g−1) | 0.33 | 0.97 | 1.16 | N (mg·L−1) | 1.56 |
N (mg·kg−1) | 3.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | P (mg·L−1) | 0.094 |
P (mg·kg−1) | 1.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | K (mg·L−1) | 8.81 |
K (mg·kg−1) | 27.0 | 24.0 | 23.0 | Fe (mg·L−1) | 0.23 |
Fe (mg·kg−1) | 1.48 | 1.21 | 111 | Mn (mg·L−1) | 0.005 |
Mn (mg·kg−1) | 1.10 | 150 | 1.21 | Zn (mg·L−1) | 0.60 |
Zn (mg·kg−1) | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.11 | Cu (mg·L−1) | 0.018 |
Cu (mg·kg−1) | 4.24 | 2.10 | 0.75 | Co (mg·L−1) | 1.56 |
Pb (mg·L−1) | 0.77 | ||||
B (mg·L−1) | 0.03 | ||||
Mo (mg·L−1) | 0.009 | ||||
Al (mg·L−1) | 0.03 | ||||
Ni (mg·L−1) | 0.014 | ||||
Se (mg·L−1) | 0.021 | ||||
As (mg·L−1) | 0.044 | ||||
V (mg·L−1) | 0.014 |
Month | Dripper Discharge Amount (L·h−1) | Number of Drippers per Vine | Irrigation Period (h·Day−1) | Daily Water Quantity (L·Vine−1) | Monthly Water Quantity (L·Vine−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
September | 4 | 4 | 1 h, 45 m | 28.00 | 840.00 |
October | 4 | 4 | 0 h, 45 m | 12.00 | 372.00 |
November | 4 | 4 | 0 h, 30 m | 7.98 | 239.40 |
December | 4 | 4 | 0 h, 08 m | 2.13 | 66.03 |
January | 4 | 4 | 0 h, 09 m | 2.40 | 74.40 |
February | 4 | 4 | 0 h, 10 m | 2.68 | 75.04 |
March | 4 | 4 | 1 h, 00 m | 16.00 | 496.00 |
April | 4 | 4 | 1 h, 29 m | 23.73 | 711.90 |
May | 4 | 4 | 2 h, 00 m | 32.00 | 992.00 |
June | 4 | 4 | 2 h, 11 m | 34.93 | 1047.90 |
July | 4 | 4 | 2 h, 13 m | 35.47 | 1099.57 |
August | 4 | 4 | 2 h, 15 m | 36.00 | 1116.00 |
Annual water quantity (m3·vine−1) = 7.13 m3 | |||||
Annual water quantity (m3·hectare−1) = 11,883.73 m3 |
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Abd El-Khalek, A.F.; Mazrou, Y.S.A.; Hatterman-Valenti, H.M.; Awadeen, A.A.; El-Mogy, S.M.M.; El-Kenawy, M.A.; Belal, B.E.A.; Mohamed, M.A.; Hassan, I.F.; El-Wakeel, H.F.; et al. Improvement in Physiochemical Characteristics of ‘Prime Seedless’ Grapes by Basal Defoliation with Foliar-Sprayed Low-Biuret Urea and Cyanocobalamin under Mediterranean Climate. Agronomy 2024, 14, 815. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040815
Abd El-Khalek AF, Mazrou YSA, Hatterman-Valenti HM, Awadeen AA, El-Mogy SMM, El-Kenawy MA, Belal BEA, Mohamed MA, Hassan IF, El-Wakeel HF, et al. Improvement in Physiochemical Characteristics of ‘Prime Seedless’ Grapes by Basal Defoliation with Foliar-Sprayed Low-Biuret Urea and Cyanocobalamin under Mediterranean Climate. Agronomy. 2024; 14(4):815. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040815
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbd El-Khalek, Ahmed F., Yasser S. A. Mazrou, Harlene M. Hatterman-Valenti, Ashraf A. Awadeen, Shimaa M. M. El-Mogy, Mosaad A. El-Kenawy, Bassam E. A. Belal, Mahmoud A. Mohamed, Islam F. Hassan, Hassan F. El-Wakeel, and et al. 2024. "Improvement in Physiochemical Characteristics of ‘Prime Seedless’ Grapes by Basal Defoliation with Foliar-Sprayed Low-Biuret Urea and Cyanocobalamin under Mediterranean Climate" Agronomy 14, no. 4: 815. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040815