Evaluation of the Rhizosphere Resistome of Cultivated Soils Polluted with Antibiotics from Reclaimed Wastewater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soils
2.2. Crops
2.3. Antibiotic Analysis
2.3.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.3.2. Antibiotics Extraction and Quantification
2.3.3. Soil DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification and High-Throughput Sequencing
2.4. Analysis and Processing of Sequencing Data
3. Results
3.1. Antibiotics Analysis
3.1.1. Soil
3.1.2. Fruits
3.2. Bacterial and Fungal Communities of Rhizosphere Soil
3.2.1. Bacteria
3.2.2. Fungi
3.3. Predictive Functional Analysis of the Presence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gradient Elution of Antibiotics | |||
---|---|---|---|
Time (min) | Flow (μL min−1) | A1 (%) | B2 (%) |
0.0 | 0.500 | 8.0 | 92.0 |
5.00 | 0.500 | 15.0 | 85.0 |
9.00 | 0.500 | 55.0 | 45.0 |
12.0 | 0.500 | 8.0 | 92.0 |
Antibiotic Concentrations in Crop Soil | |||
---|---|---|---|
Antibiotic | Aubergine | Melon | Pepper |
Sulfadiazine | <DL | <DL | 0.330 ± 0.042 |
Sulfathiazole | <DL | 0.784 ± 0.046 | <DL |
Sulfapyridine | <DL | 0.369 ± 0.032 | <DL |
Sulfamethazine | 0.661 ± 0.066 | 0.245 ± 0.030 | <DL |
Sulfamethizole | 2.213 ± 0.079 | 1.449 ± 0.080 | 2.913 ± 0.184 |
Sulfamethoxipyridazine | <DL | 0.696 ± 0.017 | 0.343 ± 0.052 |
Sulfamonomethoxine | <DL | <DL | 0.303 ± 0.083 |
Sulfamethoxazole | 1.590 ± 0.259 | 2.465 ± 0.246 | 2.700 ± 0.446 |
Sulfisoxazole | 1.880 ± 0.333 | 4.844 ± 0.290 | 2.652 ± 0.375 |
Sulfadimethoxine | 0.127 ± 0.017 | 0.166 ± 0.042 | 0.181 ± 0.014 |
Tetracycline | 3.587 ± 0.612 | 6.764 ± 0.556 | 6.052 ± 0.531 |
Doxycicline | 3.127 ± 0.395 | 2.397 ± 0.722 | 6.299 ± 0.387 |
Oxolinic acid | 0.426 ± 0.032 | 0.644 ± 0.144 | 0.348 ± 0.058 |
Antibiotic | Aubergine | Pepper |
---|---|---|
Sulfadiazine | <DL | 0.227 ± 0.040 |
Sulfamethizole | 0.312 ± 0.087 | 0.751 ± 0.089 |
Sulfametoxipyridazine | <DL | 0.407 ± 0.018 |
Sulfamethoxazole | 0.947 ± 0.082 | 0.943 ± 0.084 |
Sulfisoxazole | 0.485 ± 0.090 | 0.592 ± 0.084 |
Tetracycline | 0.407 ± 0.036 | 0.281 ± 0.025 |
Doxycicline | 0.223 ± 0.014 | 0.210 ± 0.018 |
Oxolinic acid | 0.142 ± 0.024 | 0.127 ± 0.016 |
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Mayans, B.; Zamora-Martin, S.; Antón-Herrero, R.; García-Delgado, C.; Delgado-Moreno, L.; Guirado, M.; Pérez-Esteban, J.; Segura, M.L.; Escolástico, C.; Eymar, E. Evaluation of the Rhizosphere Resistome of Cultivated Soils Polluted with Antibiotics from Reclaimed Wastewater. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061118
Mayans B, Zamora-Martin S, Antón-Herrero R, García-Delgado C, Delgado-Moreno L, Guirado M, Pérez-Esteban J, Segura ML, Escolástico C, Eymar E. Evaluation of the Rhizosphere Resistome of Cultivated Soils Polluted with Antibiotics from Reclaimed Wastewater. Agronomy. 2024; 14(6):1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061118
Chicago/Turabian StyleMayans, Begoña, Sergio Zamora-Martin, Rafael Antón-Herrero, Carlos García-Delgado, Laura Delgado-Moreno, María Guirado, Javier Pérez-Esteban, Mª Luz Segura, Consuelo Escolástico, and Enrique Eymar. 2024. "Evaluation of the Rhizosphere Resistome of Cultivated Soils Polluted with Antibiotics from Reclaimed Wastewater" Agronomy 14, no. 6: 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061118