Initial Evaluation of the Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii, and the Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Individually and in Combination against the Noxious Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Helicoverpa armigera Culture
2.2. Entomopathogenic Nematode
2.3. Entomopathogenic Fungi
2.4. Bioassays
2.4.1. Effect of EPF on Helicoverpa armigera Larvae
2.4.2. Effect of EPN on Helicoverpa armigera Larvae
2.4.3. Interactions between the EPF and EPN
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Effects and Interactions of EPF and EPN
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Interval a (h) | Days b | Observed Mortality (%) | Expected Mortality (%) | χ2 | Interaction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mr + Hb | 0 | 3 | 24.48 | 20.40 | 0.68 | + c |
0 | 5 | 37.75 | 29.34 | 1.87 | + | |
0 | 7 | 53.06 | 40.96 | 2.75 | + | |
Bb + Hb | 0 | 3 | 29.89 | 23.03 | 1.57 | + |
0 | 5 | 50.51 | 39.50 | 2.40 | + | |
0 | 7 | 61.85 | 45.63 | 4.25 | ++ d | |
Mr + Hb | 24 | 3 | 29.89 | 23.90 | 1.20 | + |
24 | 5 | 45.36 | 34.21 | 2.73 | + | |
24 | 7 | 63.91 | 47.52 | 4.20 | ++ | |
Bb + Hb | 24 | 3 | 39.17 | 29.15 | 2.56 | + |
24 | 5 | 55.67 | 40.71 | 4.01 | ++ | |
24 | 7 | 74.22 | 54.08 | 5.46 | ++ | |
Mr + Hb | 48 | 3 | 45.36 | 34.21 | 2.73 | + |
48 | 5 | 63.91 | 47.52 | 4.20 | ++ | |
48 | 7 | 86.59 | 63.14 | 6.35 | ++ | |
Bb + Hb | 48 | 3 | 56.70 | 40.71 | 4.50 | ++ |
48 | 5 | 76.28 | 54.08 | 6.46 | ++ | |
48 | 7 | 100.00 | 69.28 | 9.43 | ++ |
Treatment | Interval a (h) | Days b | Observed Mortality (%) | Expected Mortality (%) | χ2 | Interaction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mr + Hb | 0 | 3 | 17.34 | 15.75 | 0.14 | + c |
0 | 5 | 28.57 | 23.15 | 1.02 | + | |
0 | 7 | 41.83 | 33.62 | 1.61 | + | |
Bb + Hb | 0 | 3 | 22.68 | 18.47 | 0.78 | + |
0 | 5 | 41.23 | 32.84 | 1.70 | + | |
0 | 7 | 49.48 | 36.88 | 3.20 | + | |
Mr + Hb | 24 | 3 | 22.68 | 18.47 | 0.78 | + |
24 | 5 | 34.02 | 27.42 | 1.27 | + | |
24 | 7 | 53.60 | 39.86 | 3.52 | + | |
Bb + Hb | 24 | 3 | 28.86 | 22.09 | 1.58 | + |
24 | 5 | 43.29 | 31.69 | 3.10 | + | |
24 | 7 | 62.88 | 46.11 | 4.47 | ++ d | |
Mr + Hb | 48 | 3 | 36.08 | 27.42 | 2.07 | + |
48 | 5 | 53.60 | 39.86 | 3.52 | + | |
48 | 7 | 76.28 | 56.01 | 5.38 | ++ | |
Bb + Hb | 48 | 3 | 44.32 | 31.69 | 3.60 | + |
48 | 5 | 64.94 | 46.11 | 5.46 | ++ | |
48 | 7 | 89.69 | 63.34 | 7.73 | ++ |
Pupation | Adult Emergence | Egg Eclosion | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect | df | F | p | F | p | F | p |
Treatment | 9 | 121.11 | <0.01 | 290.32 | ≤0.01 | 232.18 | <0.01 |
Instar | 1 | 229.13 | <0.01 | 19.61 | ≤0.01 | 16.97 | <0.01 |
Treatment × Instar | 9 | 97.48 | <0.01 | 0.46 | 0.90 | 0.52 | 0.85 |
Error | 152 | ||||||
Total | 179 |
L2 | L4 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | Time Interval (h) | Pupation (%) | Adult Emergence (%) | Egg Eclosion (%) | Pupation (%) | Adult Emergence (%) | Egg Eclosion (%) |
Mr | 73.34 ± 3.31 b | 65.57 ± 2.93 b | 58.85 ± 3.51 b | 80.54 ± 3.29 b | 72.23 ± 2.77 b | 65.51 ± 2.93 b | |
Bb | 64.46 ± 2.93 bc | 57.74 ± 2.77 bc | 51.14 ± 2.04 bc | 71.12 ± 3.54 bc | 64.45 ± 2.93 bc | 58.83 ± 3.09 bc | |
Hb | 57.73 ± 2.23 c | 51.62 ± 2.35 c | 46.68 ± 2.33 c | 63.36 ± 2.35 c | 58.84 ± 2.23 c | 53.37 ± 2.63 c | |
Mr + Hb | 0 | 40.02 ± 1.63 d | 34.41 ± 1.93 d | 29.43 ± 1.69 d | 46.61 ± 2.88 d | 42.28 ± 3.14 d | 37.74 ± 2.21 d |
Bb + Hb | 0 | 25.58 ± 1.93 e | 20.53 ± 1.25 e | 16.61 ± 1.16 e | 29.48 ± 1.42 e | 24.40 ± 1.35 e | 21.16 ± 1.13 e |
Mr + Hb | 24 | 19.41 ± 1.79 ef | 15.58 ± 1.13 ef | 12.25 ± 1.02 e | 24.43 ± 1.93 ef | 21.11 ± 2.05 ef | 17.70 ± 1.46 e |
Bb + Hb | 24 | 15.54 ± 1.75 ef | 12.21 ± 1.09 ef | 10.57 ± 1.00 ef | 18.82 ± 1.21 efg | 15.53 ± 1.22 efg | 12.26 ± 1.22 ef |
Mr + Hb | 48 | 11.67 ± 1.17 f | 9.55 ± 0.89 fg | 7.72 ± 0.78 ef | 13.36 ± 1.06 fg | 10.57 ± 1.11 fg | 9.47 ± 0.93 ef |
Bb + Hb | 48 | 0.00 ± 0.00 g | 0.00 ± 0.00 g | 0.00 ± 0.00 f | 6.69 ± 0.66 g | 4.45 ± 0.25 g | 2.25 ± 0.13 f |
Control | 93.35 ± 2.35 a | 89.34 ± 3.79 a | 83.36 ± 3.35 a | 95.54 ± 1.75 a | 91.11 ± 2.13 a | 85.53 ± 3.76 a | |
df | 9, 89 | 9, 89 | 9, 89 | 9, 89 | 9, 89 | 9, 89 | |
F | 150.0 | 178.0 | 120.0 | 98.0 | 122.0 | 117.0 | |
p | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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Alwaneen, W.S.; Tahir, M.; Avery, P.B.; Wakil, W.; Kavallieratos, N.G.; Eleftheriadou, N.; Boukouvala, M.C.; Rasool, K.G.; Husain, M.; Aldawood, A.S. Initial Evaluation of the Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii, and the Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Individually and in Combination against the Noxious Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Agronomy 2024, 14, 1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071395
Alwaneen WS, Tahir M, Avery PB, Wakil W, Kavallieratos NG, Eleftheriadou N, Boukouvala MC, Rasool KG, Husain M, Aldawood AS. Initial Evaluation of the Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii, and the Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Individually and in Combination against the Noxious Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Agronomy. 2024; 14(7):1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071395
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlwaneen, Waleed S., Muhammad Tahir, Pasco B. Avery, Waqas Wakil, Nickolas G. Kavallieratos, Nikoleta Eleftheriadou, Maria C. Boukouvala, Khawaja G. Rasool, Mureed Husain, and Abdulrahman S. Aldawood. 2024. "Initial Evaluation of the Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii, and the Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Individually and in Combination against the Noxious Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)" Agronomy 14, no. 7: 1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071395