Tillage Practices Effect on Root Distribution and Variation of Soil CO2 Emission under Different Cropping Strategies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Location
2.2. Meteorological Conditions
2.3. Experimental Design and Treatments
2.4. Measurement of Soil CO2 Emissions
2.5. Investigations of Root Parameters
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Changes in Root Parameters under Different Cropping Ant Tillage Strategies
3.2. Soil CO2 Emissions in Response to Tillage and Different Cropping Strategies
3.3. The Effect of Root Parameters on Soil CO2 Emissions
4. Conclusions
- The tillage method was identified as one of the main factors determining CO2 emissions. Reducing the intensification of tillage promoted the release of carbon dioxide from the soil.
- The inclusion of legumes and catch crops in the rotation promoted CO2 emissions from the soil.
- Soil depth, type of cropping systems and inclusion of CC significantly decreased the root length and root volume. The root volume was significantly lower in the rotations where the catch crop (CC) was grown each year (R/W/P + CC) compared with the rotation where CC where only wheat was grown—(W/W/W).
- Root length and root volume had a positive effect on soil CO2 emissions, suggesting that root activity is a major factor in the production of CO2 emissions from the soil.
- From a practical viewpoint, the results showed that cropping strategies diversification with the inclusion of CC every year (R/W/P + CC) demonstrates the possibility of reducing CO2 emission and improving root network parameters compared to monoculture. This informs us of the necessity of crop rotation implementation under moderate climatic conditions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | Long-Term Mean (1924–2021) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Annual mean air temperature, °C | 7.4 | 8.0 | 8.8 | 6.6 |
Difference from long-term mean, °C | +0.8 | +1.4 | +2.2 | − |
Average air temperature during the plant’s vegetation period, °C | 14.7 | 13.6 | 15.4 | 12.8 |
Difference from long-term mean, °C | +1.9 | +0.8 | +2.6 | − |
Total annual precipitation, mm | 573.0 | 627.9 | 504.7 | 570.0 |
Difference from long-term mean, mm | +3.0 | +57.9 | −65.3 | − |
Total amount of precipitation during the plant’s vegetation period, mm | 374.4 | 452.9 | 225.4 | 410 |
Difference from long-term mean, mm | −35.6 | +42.9 | −184.6 | − |
Cropping Strategy | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | Share (%) of Poaceae, Fabaceae and Brassicaceae in the Rotation | Catch Crops (CC) | The Number of Times CC Grown per Rotation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W/W/W | W. wheat | S. wheat | W. wheat | 100 + 0 + 0 | − | 0 |
W/W/W + CC | W. wheat cc | S. wheat | W. wheat cc | 100 + 0 + 0 | + | 2 |
W/P/W + CC | S. wheat cc | Pea | S. wheat | 75 + 25 + 0 | + | 1 |
W/P/R + CC | S. wheat cc | Pea cc | W. rape | 50 + 25 + 25 | + | 2 |
R/W/P + CC | W. rape cc | S. wheat cc | Pea cc | 50 + 25 + 25 | + | 3 |
Tillage (Factor A) | Soil Depth (Factor B) | Cropping Strategies (Factor C) | Root Length, km m−3 | Root Diameter, mm | Root Volume, cm3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CT | 104.6 a | 0.41 a | 1.41 a | ||
NT | 104.4 a | 0.42 a | 1.39 a | ||
0–10 cm | 104.8 a | 0.44 a | 2.35 a | ||
10–20 cm | 104.2 a | 0.37 a | 1.44 b | ||
W/W/W | 103.4 ab | 0.39 a | 1.88 a | ||
W/W/W + CC | 104.5 ab | 0.38 a | 1.56 b | ||
W/P/W + CC | 105.8 ab | 0.41 a | 1.21 a | ||
W/P/R + CC | 106.0 b | 0.42 a | 1.56 b | ||
R/W/P + CC | 102.9 a | 0.44 a | 1.48 b | ||
Actions and Interactions | |||||
A | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | ||
B | n.s. | n.s. | ** | ||
C | * | n.s. | ** | ||
A × B | n.s. | n.s. | ** | ||
A × C | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | ||
B × C | n.s. | n.s. | ** | ||
A × B × C | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Year (Factor A) | Tillage (Factor B) | Cropping Strategies (Factor C) | CO2 Emissions (µmol m−2 s−1) | Actions | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | ||||
2021 | 1.66 a | n.s. | ||||
2022 | 1.77 b | |||||
2023 | 2.25 ab | |||||
CT | 1.66 a | ** | ||||
NT | 2.13 b | |||||
W/W/W | 1.75 ab | * | ||||
W/W/W + CC | 1.89 ab | |||||
W/P/W + CC | 2.27 a | |||||
W/P/R + CC | 2.17 a | |||||
R/W/P + CC | 1.68 b | |||||
Interactions | ||||||
A × B | n.s. | |||||
A × C | n.s. | |||||
B × C | n.s. | |||||
A × B × C | n.s. |
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Buivydienė, A.; Deveikytė, I.; Veršulienė, A.; Feiza, V. Tillage Practices Effect on Root Distribution and Variation of Soil CO2 Emission under Different Cropping Strategies. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081768
Buivydienė A, Deveikytė I, Veršulienė A, Feiza V. Tillage Practices Effect on Root Distribution and Variation of Soil CO2 Emission under Different Cropping Strategies. Agronomy. 2024; 14(8):1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081768
Chicago/Turabian StyleBuivydienė, Agnė, Irena Deveikytė, Agnė Veršulienė, and Virginijus Feiza. 2024. "Tillage Practices Effect on Root Distribution and Variation of Soil CO2 Emission under Different Cropping Strategies" Agronomy 14, no. 8: 1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081768