Cowpea: Prospecting for Heat-Tolerant Genotypes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Physiological Parameters
2.2. Productive Parameters
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physiological Parameters
3.2. Productive Parameters
4. Discussion
4.1. Physiological Parameters
4.2. Productive Parameters
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Temperature Regimes | Times for Each Temperature | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
20:00 to 6:00 | 6:00 to 10:00 | 10:00 to 15:00 | 15:00 to 20:00 | |
T1 (20–26–33 °C) | 20 | 26 | 33 | 26 |
T2 (24.8–30.8–37.8 °C) | 24.8 | 30.8 | 37.8 | 30.8 |
Genotype | Germplasm Origin | Grain Color | Grain Size | Maturity Group |
---|---|---|---|---|
GN1: BRS Inhuma | Landrace | Brown | Medium | Early |
GN2: Bico-de-Ouro-17-10 | Landrace | Brown | Medium | Early medium |
GN3: Pingo-de-Ouro-17-18 | Landrace | Brown | Medium | Early medium |
GN4: Bico-de-Oouro-17-19 | Landrace | Brown | Medium | Early medium |
GN5: Bico-de-Ouro-17-20 | Landrace | Brown | Medium | Early medium |
GN6: Bico-de-Ouro-17-44 | Landrace | Brown | Medium | Early medium |
GN7: Bico-de-Ouro-17-45 | Landrace | Brown | Medium | Early medium |
GN8: Bico-de-Ouro-17-46 | Landrace | Brown | Medium | Early medium |
GN9: Bico-de-Ouro-17-47 | Landrace | Brown | Medium | Early medium |
GN10: Pingo-de-Ouro-17-48 | Landrace | Brown | Medium | Early medium |
GN11: Bico-de-Ouro-17-72 | Landrace | Brown | Medium | Early medium |
GN12: BRS Guariba | Scientific breeding | White | Medium | Early |
GN13: Bico-de-Ouro-17-82 | Landrace | Brown | Medium | Early medium |
GN14: Bico-de-Ouro-17-86 | Landrace | Brown | Medium | Early medium |
GN15: MNC01-631F-20-5 | Scientific breeding | Brown | Big | Early medium |
GN16: MNC00-595F-27 | Scientific breeding | Green | Medium | Early medium |
GN17: BRS Imponente | Scientific breeding | White | Large | Early |
GN18: MNC06-895E-1 | Scientific breeding | White | Medium | Early |
GN19: MNC09-981B-2 | Scientific breeding | Black | Medium | Early |
GN20: BRS Paraguaçu | Scientific breeding | White | Medium | Early medium |
Genotypes | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stomatal conductance (mol H2O m−2 s−1) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Temperature regimes | GN1 | GN2 | GN3 | GN4 | GN5 | GN6 | GN7 | GN8 | GN9 | GN10 | GN11 | GN12 | GN13 | GN14 | GN15 | GN16 | GN17 | GN18 | GN19 | GN20 |
20–26–33 °C | 0.069aA | 0.068aA | 0.072aA | 0.066aA | 0.069aA | 0.052aB | 0.054aB | 0.050aB | 0.066aA | 0.070aA | 0.063aA | 0.062aA | 0.062aA | 0.064aA | 0.062aA | 0.063aA | 0.056aB | 0.082aA | 0.045bB | 0.065aA |
±0.0002 | ±0.0028 | ±0.0066 | ±0.0011 | ±0.0016 | ±0.0015 | ±0.0188 | ±0.0042 | ±0.0108 | ±0.0022 | ±0.0048 | ±0.0014 | ±0.0058 | ±0.0018 | ±0.0051 | ±0.0065 | ±0.0031 | ±0.0018 | ±0.01 | ±0.001 | |
24.8–30.8–37.8 °C | 0.064aB | 0.056bC | 0.065aB | 0.054aC | 0.053bC | 0.050aC | 0.051aC | 0.044aC | 0.045bC | 0.080aA | 0.066aB | 0.070aB | 0.058aC | 0.056aC | 0.061aB | 0.058aC | 0.064aB | 0.061bB | 0.064aB | 0.060aB |
±0.0056 | ±0.0057 | ±0.0102 | ±0.0005 | ±0.0049 | ±0.0034 | ±0.0109 | ±0.0004 | ±0.0012 | ±0.0416 | ±0.0087 | ±0.0019 | ±0.0038 | ±0.0027 | ±0.0041 | ±0.002 | ±0.0061 | ±0.0008 | ±0.0013 | ±0.005 | |
Photosynthesis A (micromol CO2 m−2 s−l) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Temperature regimes | GN 1 | GN2 | GN3 | GN4 | GN5 | GN6 | GN7 | GN8 | GN9 | GN10 | GN11 | GN12 | GN13 | GN14 | GN15 | GN16 | GN17 | GN18 | GN19 | GN20 |
20–26–33 °C | 20.46aA | 17.86bB | 16.27aB | 13.59aC | 12.28aD | 18.32bB | 11.31aD | 14.74aC | 11.91aD | 10.24aD | 19.26aA | 18.16aB | 20.45aA | 19.77aA | 18.62aB | 12.70aD | 18.41aB | 15.05aC | 11.88aD | 20.02aA |
±0.76 | ±0.73 | ±1.27 | ±1.94 | ±0.23 | ±0.33 | ±0.57 | ±3.33 | ±4.52 | ±2.52 | ±0.46 | ±1.11 | ±1.24 | ±0.8 | ±0.73 | ±1.38 | ±0.91 | ±0.13 | ±2.82 | ±0.59 | |
24.8–30.8–37.8 °C | 20.60aA | 20.41aA | 10.78bB | 11.61aB | 10.44aB | 20.59aA | 12.60aB | 11.21bB | 11.20aB | 10.29aB | 19.81aA | 19.67aA | 19.93aA | 20.15aA | 20.21aA | 10.72aB | 20.14aA | 8.52bC | 8.07bC | 19.93aA |
±0.35 | ±0.65 | ±3.71 | ±0.4 | ±2.72 | ±0.39 | ±4.83 | ±0.37 | ±0.39 | ±2.48 | ±0.58 | ±0.27 | ±0.43 | ±0.52 | ±0.47 | ±1.93 | ±0.17 | ±0.15 | ±0.11 | ±0.2 | |
Leaf transpiration E (mmol H2O m−2 s−1) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Temperature regimes | GN 1 | GN2 | GN3 | GN4 | GN5 | GN6 | GN7 | GN8 | GN9 | GN10 | GN11 | GN12 | GN13 | GN14 | GN15 | GN16 | GN17 | GN18 | GN19 | GN20 |
20–26–33 °C | 2.33aA | 2.14aA | 2.57aA | 2.35aA | 2.31aA | 2.16aA | 1.73aB | 1.52aC | 1.94aB | 2.06bA | 2.18aA | 2.22aA | 2.21aA | 2.27aA | 2.24aA | 1.87aB | 2.17aA | 2.31aA | 1.33aC | 2.18aA |
±0.03 | ±0.009 | ±0.201 | ±0.096 | ±0.043 | ±0.052 | ±0.599 | ±0.103 | ±0.299 | ±0.073 | ±0.012 | ±0.018 | ±0.032 | ±0.039 | ±0.094 | ±0.198 | ±0.005 | ±0.036 | ±0.184 | ±0.015 | |
24.8–30.8–37.8 °C | 2.32aB | 2.29aB | 1.49bC | 1.54bC | 1.57bC | 2.34aB | 1.62aC | 1.51aC | 1.58aC | 2.83aA | 2.25aB | 2.26aB | 2.31aB | 2.23aB | 2.29aB | 2.11aB | 2.29aB | 2.18aB | 2.28aB | 2.34aB |
±0.028 | ±0.016 | ±0.446 | ±0.037 | ±0.173 | ±0.027 | ±0.339 | ±0.019 | ±0.032 | ±1.308 | ±0.057 | ±0.047 | ±0.029 | ±0.05 | ±0.063 | ±0.062 | ±0.023 | ±0.039 | ±0.061 | ±0.087 | |
Leaf surface temperature | ||||||||||||||||||||
Temperature regimes | GN 1 | GN2 | GN3 | GN4 | GN5 | GN6 | GN7 | GN8 | GN9 | GN10 | GN11 | GN12 | GN13 | GN14 | GN15 | GN16 | GN17 | GN18 | GN19 | GN20 |
20–26–33 °C | 33.17aB | 33.04bB | 34.71aA | 34.17aA | 33.86aB | 35.18bA | 33.55aB | 33.20bB | 33.04bB | 33.14bB | 33.66bB | 33.81aB | 33.64bB | 33.37bB | 33.94bB | 33.20bB | 34.91aA | 33.01bB | 33.32bB | 33.15bB |
±0.46 | ±0.78 | ±0.25 | ±0.28 | ±0.21 | ±1.29 | ±0.14 | ±0.11 | ±0.01 | ±0.02 | ±0.8 | ±0.35 | ±1.61 | ±0.57 | ±0.9 | ±0.08 | ±0.44 | ±0.06 | ±0.92 | ±0.96 | |
24.8–30.8–37.8 °C | 33.96aC | 37.48aA | 30.71bD | 33.12aC | 33.63aC | 37.67aA | 34.10aC | 35.05aB | 35.39aB | 35.71aB | 35.29aB | 33.62aC | 35.71aB | 36.44aA | 35.18aB | 35.76aB | 34.65aB | 35.64aB | 35.63aB | 35.99aB |
±1.33 | ±1.09 | ±1.39 | ±0.27 | ±0.21 | ±0.72 | ±0.14 | ±0.15 | ±0.07 | ±0.05 | ±1.54 | ±0.27 | ±0.58 | ±1.08 | ±0.49 | ±0.02 | ±0.96 | ±0.07 | ±0.08 | ±0.6 | |
Chlorophyll content | ||||||||||||||||||||
Temperature regimes | GN 1 | GN2 | GN3 | GN4 | GN5 | GN6 | GN7 | GN8 | GN9 | GN10 | GN11 | GN12 | GN13 | GN14 | GN15 | GN16 | GN17 | GN18 | GN19 | GN20 |
20–26–33 °C | 54.70aB | 53.47aB | 27.23aE | 24.18bE | 25.11aE | 46.86aC | 24.85aE | 25.58aE | 22.38aE | 26.18aE | 54.00aB | 55.55aB | 45.87bC | 53.55aB | 55.45aB | 33.45aD | 61.85aA | 35.30aD | 28.30aE | 55.12aB |
±2.5 | ±0.9 | ±1.83 | ±1.81 | ±4.25 | ±4.43 | ±1.29 | ±1.6 | ±3.73 | ±2.52 | ±1.21 | ±4.57 | ±2.59 | ±1.46 | ±2.28 | ±3.56 | ±4.81 | ±5.88 | ±0.56 | ±3.52 | |
24.8–30.8–37.8 °C | 58.40aA | 49.32aB | 28.18aD | 30.98aC | 27.83aD | 49.37aB | 28.71aD | 15.78bE | 28.25aD | 26.93aD | 55.42aA | 53.90aB | 51.49aB | 53.06aB | 51.95aB | 31.86aC | 58.25aA | 34.91aC | 33.81aC | 59.22aA |
±2.37 | ±2.71 | ±1.44 | ±0.6 | ±1.76 | ±4.95 | ±1.99 | ±0.35 | ±1.88 | ±3.88 | ±5.69 | ±9.99 | ±4.09 | ±4.53 | ±4.78 | ±1.93 | ±5.97 | ±0.78 | ±2.55 | ±2.06 |
Genotypes | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of pods | ||||||||||||||||||||
Temperature regimes | GN1 | GN2 | GN3 | GN4 | GN5 | GN6 | GN7 | GN8 | GN9 | GN10 | GN11 | GN12 | GN13 | GN14 | GN15 | GN16 | GN17 | GN18 | GN19 | GN20 |
20–26–33 °C | 4.50aD | 7.25aC | 5.25aD | 5.25aD | 6.50aC | 10.50aB | 7.00aC | 10.50aB | 7.50aC | 6.00aC | 7.50aC | 10.65aB | 10.00aB | 8.50aB | 4.00aD | 3.75aD | 14.33aA | 3.25aD | 5.00aD | 7.50aC |
±0.58 | ±2.22 | ±1.5 | ±2.22 | ±1.00 | ±2.38 | ±2.83 | ±2.65 | ±0.58 | ±1.71 | ±3.11 | ±0.47 | ±0.82 | ±1.29 | ±1.41 | ±0.5 | ±3.37 | ±1.26 | ±1.15 | ±1.00 | |
24.8–30.8–37.8 °C | 4.25aC | 7.25aC | 6.25aC | 5.75aC | 5.25aC | 11.00aA | 5.50aC | 5.00bC | 4.75aC | 5.25aC | 8.50aB | 9.25aB | 10.25aB | 6.75aC | 5.75aC | 4.00aC | 12.60aA | 5.50aC | 3.25aC | 6.50aC |
±2.87 | ±1.26 | ±0.82 | ±0.96 | ±0.96 | ±2.16 | ±2.45 | ±1.5 | ±1.29 | ±0.82 | ±3.11 | ±0.5 | ±1.71 | ±1.71 | ±0.96 | ±1.83 | ±3.42 | ±3.2 | ±0.96 | ±1.73 | |
Pod weight | ||||||||||||||||||||
Temperature regimes | GN1 | GN2 | GN3 | GN4 | GN5 | GN6 | GN7 | GN8 | GN9 | GN10 | GN11 | GN12 | GN13 | GN14 | GN15 | GN16 | GN17 | GN18 | GN19 | GN20 |
20–26–33 °C | 15.45aC | 18.40aB | 19.02aB | 11.97aC | 14.32aC | 27.30aA | 15.75aC | 19.77aB | 15.45aC | 12.70aC | 13.52bC | 19.75aB | 23.77aA | 23.42aA | 16.45aC | 9.72aD | 23.13aA | 5.95aD | 10.72aD | 18.67aB |
±2.13 | ±4.13 | ±2.93 | ±5.35 | ±2.43 | ±5.55 | ±6.43 | ±3.79 | ±1.27 | ±3.44 | ±3.47 | ±4.28 | ±4.17 | ±1.76 | ±4.58 | ±1.48 | ±3.98 | ±1.67 | ±3.63 | ±3.34 | |
24.8–30.8–37.8 °C | 17.22aB | 14.92aB | 12.07bC | 11.92aC | 10.05aC | 22.40aA | 10.77aC | 19.77aD | 7.12bD | 11.65aC | 22.12aA | 14.85aB | 18.22bB | 18.55aB | 18.52aB | 7.55aD | 17.82bB | 6.11aD | 7.05aD | 12.2bC |
±4.29 | ±1.72 | ±2.1 | ±1.81 | ±1.74 | ±2.79 | ±3.55 | ±0.97 | ±1.51 | ±1.13 | ±6.34 | ±5.71 | ±4.71 | ±1.8 | ±3.92 | ±2.56 | ±3.09 | ±2.97 | ±2.07 | ±4.14 | |
Number of seeds/pod | ||||||||||||||||||||
Temperature regimes | GN1 | GN2 | GN3 | GN4 | GN5 | GN6 | GN7 | GN8 | GN9 | GN10 | GN11 | GN12 | GN13 | GN14 | GN15 | GN16 | GN17 | GN18 | GN19 | GN20 |
20–26–33 °C | 51.75aC | 83.00aB | 64.75aC | 43.25aD | 52.50aC | 86.25aB | 47.50aD | 65.50aC | 57.75aC | 58.25aC | 47.00bD | 77.50aB | 77.25aB | 101.25aA | 44.25aD | 46.25aD | 56.66aC | 24.50aD | 39.00aD | 80.00aB |
±5.62 | ±13.44 | ±13.55 | ±16.11 | ±2.89 | ±16.05 | ±20.98 | ±15.76 | ±5.56 | ±13.49 | ±13.14 | ±9.00 | ±1.71 | ±5.8 | ±14.61 | ±6.13 | ±7.7 | ±4.9 | ±16.37 | ±8.64 | |
24.8–30.8–37.8 °C | 37.25aB | 50.50bB | 51.00aB | 38.25aB | 34.00bC | 74.00aA | 40.50aB | 30.50bC | 24.25bC | 41.75aB | 78.00aA | 43.25bB | 60.25aA | 80.25bA | 49.25aB | 38.75aB | 41.20aB | 27.75aC | 23.50aC | 46.00bB |
±8.5 | ±8.19 | ±6.16 | ±2.36 | ±6.66 | ±7.07 | ±17.15 | ±4.8 | ±6.38 | ±8.29 | ±24.12 | ±18.12 | ±15.8 | ±4.79 | ±12.53 | ±11.00 | ±13.64 | ±13.07 | ±1.63 | ±12.75 | |
100-seed weight | ||||||||||||||||||||
Temperature regimes | GN1 | GN2 | GN3 | GN4 | GN5 | GN6 | GN7 | GN8 | GN9 | GN10 | GN11 | GN12 | GN13 | GN14 | GN15 | GN16 | GN17 | GN18 | GN19 | GN20 |
20–26–33 °C | 25.09bB | 17.76aB | 17.98aB | 23.97aB | 20.89aB | 24.34aB | 17.86aB | 18.66aB | 19.36aB | 18.51aB | 37.60aA | 20.61aB | 23.51aB | 15.97aB | 37.99aA | 16.31aB | 26.69aB | 18.26aB | 18.41aB | 18.60aB |
±1.93 | ±2.78 | ±5,19 | ±6,01 | ±1.47 | ±3.75 | ±10,5 | ±3.2 | ±1.14 | ±0.45 | ±18,07 | ±4.33 | ±2.99 | ±3.37 | ±12.82 | ±1.06 | ±1.92 | ±3.42 | ±2.42 | ±3.3 | |
24.8–30.8–37.8 °C | 39.46aA | 22.39aC | 17.85aC | 23.36aC | 22.06aC | 22.06aC | 20.45aC | 22.16aC | 21.30aC | 21.24aC | 22.28bC | 28.29aB | 22.95aC | 17.06aC | 28.78bB | 14.95aC | 33.91aA | 25.64aC | 24.29aC | 20.19aC |
±11.79 | ±1.47 | ±5.58 | ±6.06 | ±6.9 | ±0.96 | ±2.01 | ±2.88 | ±1.1 | ±0.06 | ±0.97 | ±2.05 | ±0.82 | ±1.2 | ±0.85 | ±0.09 | ±12.38 | ±0.29 | ±8.52 | ±0.73 |
WUE% of Cowpea Genotypes Due to the Increase of 4.8 °C | |
---|---|
GN1: 1.11 | GN11: −0.34 |
GN2: 6.79 | GN12: 6.39 |
GN3: 14.28 | GN13: −6.76 |
GN4: 30.36 | GN14: 3.75 |
GN5: 25.08 | GN15: 6.16 |
GN6: 3.74 | GN16: −25.19 |
GN7: 18.97 | GN17: 3.66 |
GN8: −26.44 | GN18: −40.01 |
GN9: 15.46 | GN19: −60.37 |
GN10: −26.85 | GN20: −7.25 |
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Silva, J.d.A.; Barros, J.R.A.; Silva, E.G.F.; Rocha, M.d.M.; Angelotti, F. Cowpea: Prospecting for Heat-Tolerant Genotypes. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1969. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091969
Silva JdA, Barros JRA, Silva EGF, Rocha MdM, Angelotti F. Cowpea: Prospecting for Heat-Tolerant Genotypes. Agronomy. 2024; 14(9):1969. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091969
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Jaqueline de Almeida, Juliane Rafaele Alves Barros, Elioenai Gomes Freire Silva, Maurisrael de Moura Rocha, and Francislene Angelotti. 2024. "Cowpea: Prospecting for Heat-Tolerant Genotypes" Agronomy 14, no. 9: 1969. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091969