The Effects of Bio-Fertilizer by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria on the Growth and Productivity of Barley under Deficit of Water Irrigation Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Studied Traits and Recorded Data
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Effects of Bio-Fertilizers, Drought, and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Yield, Yield Components
Source | PH (cm) | Sp L (cm) | Sp W (g) | G/Sp | 1000-GW (g) | GY (ton ha−1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | |
Bio-fertilizer | ||||||||||||
AMF | 109.37 a | 113.95 a | 9.68 a | 10.98 a | 3.55 a | 3.70 a | 59.49 a | 61.97 a | 54.71 a | 56.98 a | 4.55 a | 4.74 a |
Phos. | 105.24 b | 109.58 b | 9.01 b | 10.38 b | 3.16 b | 3.29 b | 55.91 b | 58.25 b | 53.91 b | 56.13 a | 4.28 b | 4.46 b |
WBF | 99.87 c | 103.96 c | 8.19 c | 9.53 c | 3.00 c | 3.13 c | 51.40 c | 53.51 c | 51.86 c | 53.98 b | 3.88 c | 4.04 c |
Phosphorus (RDP) fertilizers | ||||||||||||
100% SP | 108.14 a | 112.61 a | 9.42 a | 10.83 a | 3.48 a | 3.62 a | 59.06 a | 61.51 a | 55.21 a | 57.49 a | 4.59 a | 4.78 a |
66% SP | 106.14 b | 110.51 b | 9.11 b | 10.38 b | 3.31 b | 3.45 b | 56.91 b | 59.29 b | 53.84 b | 56.06 b | 4.33 b | 4.52 b |
0% SP | 100.20 c | 104.36 c | 8.34 c | 9.67 c | 2.92 c | 3.04 c | 50.83 c | 52.93 c | 51.43 c | 53.55 c | 3.78 c | 3.94 c |
Irrigation | ||||||||||||
Normal | 111.01 a | 115.59 a | 9.88 a | 11.35 a | 3.59 a | 3.74 a | 60.58 a | 63.12 a | 58.31 a | 60.71 a | 4.94 a | 5.15 a |
2 Irrigations | 106.89 b | 111.30 b | 8.93 b | 10.26 b | 3.21 b | 3.35 b | 55.79 b | 58.09 b | 53.67 b | 55.88 b | 4.08 b | 4.25 b |
1 Irrigation | 96.58 c | 100.60 c | 8.07 c | 9.27 c | 2.91 c | 3.03 c | 50.43 c | 52.51 c | 48.51 c | 50.51 c | 3.69 c | 3.84 c |
Bio-F. | ** | ** | * | * | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns |
RDP | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Irrigation | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Bio-F. * RDP | * | ** | Ns | Ns | * | * | * | Ns | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Irrigation * Bio-F. | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | ** | ** |
Irrigation * RDP | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns |
Irrigation * Bio-F. * RDP | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns |
Source | Straw Yield (ton ha−1) | Biological Yield (ton ha−1) | Harvest Index | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | |
Bio-fertilizer | ||||||
AMF | 6.04 a | 6.29 a | 11.02 a | 11.48 a | 52.50 a | 54.87 a |
Phos. | 5.66 b | 5.89 b | 10.58 b | 11.01 b | 51.72 a | 53.66 a |
WBF | 5.48 c | 5.70 b | 10.53 c | 10.95 b | 50.29 b | 52.34 b |
Phosphorus (RDP) fertilizers | ||||||
100% SP | 6.12 a | 6.37 a | 11.81 a | 12.30 a | 54.88 a | 55.92 a |
66% SP | 5.80 b | 6.04 b | 10.48 b | 10.91 b | 50.82 b | 52.14 b |
0% SP | 5.25 c | 5.47 c | 9.83 c | 10.23 c | 48.81 c | 50.19 c |
Irrigation | ||||||
Normal | 6.68 a | 6.95 a | 12.49 a | 13.00 a | 60.08 a | 62.56 a |
2 Irrigations | 5.51 b | 5.74 b | 10.31 b | 10.73 b | 49.59 b | 51.64 b |
1 Irrigation | 4.98 c | 5.19 c | 9.32 c | 9.70 c | 44.83 c | 46.67 c |
Bio-F. | ** | ** | Ns | * | ** | ** |
RDP | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Irrigation | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Bio-F. * RDP | Ns | Ns | * | * | ** | ** |
Irrigation * Bio-F. | ** | ** | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns |
Irrigation * RDP | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns |
Irrigation * Bio-F. * RDP | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns |
3.2. The Effects of Bio-Fertilizers, Drought, and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Nutrients Uptake in Grain and Straw of Barley
Source | N/Grain (Kg h−1) | K/Grain (Kg h−1) | P/Grain (Kg h−1) | N/Straw (Kg h−1) | K/Straw (Kg h−1) | P/Straw (Kg h−1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | |
Bio-fertilizer | ||||||||||||
AMF | 111.29 a | 115.92 a | 39.01 a | 40.63 a | 13.72 a | 14.29 a | 69.91 a | 72.33 a | 32.73 a | 34.08 a | 14.12 a | 14.71 a |
Phos. | 103.24 b | 107.49 b | 31.73 b | 33.04 b | 12.14 b | 12.65 b | 56.00 b | 58.79 b | 29.98 b | 31.21 b | 12.81 b | 13.34 b |
WBF | 88.50 c | 92.13 c | 25.49 c | 26.53 c | 9.44 c | 9.83 c | 53.79 b | 55.99 b | 23.96 c | 24.94 c | 9.99 c | 10.39 c |
Phosphorus (RDP) fertilizers | ||||||||||||
100% SP | 115.81 a | 120.61 a | 36.35 a | 37.86 a | 13.70 a | 14.27 a | 69.95 a | 72.84 a | 33.29 a | 34.66 a | 14.12 a | 14.70 a |
66% SP | 107.95 b | 112.40 b | 33.89 b | 35.29 b | 12.78 b | 13.31 b | 66.24 b | 68.97 b | 31.60 b | 32.90 b | 13.41 b | 13.97 a |
0% SP | 79.26 c | 82.53 c | 25.99 c | 27.05 c | 8.82 c | 9.19 c | 43.51 c | 45.29 c | 21.79 c | 22.68 c | 9.39 c | 9.78 b |
Irrigation | ||||||||||||
Normal | 117.85 a | 122.71 a | 37.42 a | 38.97 a | 13.73 a | 14.30 a | 69.88 a | 72.76 a | 33.70 a | 35.09 a | 14.36 a | 14.95 a |
2 Irrigations | 97.27 b | 101.29 b | 30.89 b | 32.16 b | 11.33 b | 11.80 b | 57.68 b | 60.06 b | 27.82 b | 28.97 b | 11.85 b | 12.34 b |
1 Irrigation | 87.92 c | 91.54 c | 27.92 c | 29.07 c | 10.24 c | 10.67 c | 52.13 c | 54.29 c | 25.15 c | 26.18 c | 10.71 c | 11.15 c |
Bio-F. | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
RDP | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Irrigation | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Bio-F. * RDP | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Irrigation * Bio-F. | ** | ** | ** | ** | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns |
Irrigation * RDP | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Irrigation * Bio-F. * RDP | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns | Ns |
3.3. The Interactions Effects between the Bio-Fertilizers, and Phosphorus Fertilizers Rates on Yield, Yield Components of Barley
3.4. The Interactions Effects between the Bio-Fertilizers, and Phosphorus Fertilizers Rates on Nutrients Uptake in Grain and Straw of Barley
3.5. The Interactions Effects between the Bio-Fertilizers, and Irrigation Intervals on Yield, Yield Components of Barley
3.6. The Interactions Effects between the Bio-Fertilizers, Irrigation and Drought Conditions on Nutrients Uptake in Grain and Straw of Barley
3.7. The Interactions Effects between Irrigation Intervals and the Ratios of the Recommended Dose of Phosphorus Fertilizers (RDP) on Yield, Yield Components and Nutrients Uptake in Grain and Straw of Barley
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alotaibi, M.M.; Aljuaid, A.; Alharbi, M.M.; Qumsani, A.T.; Alzuaibr, F.M.; Alsubeie, M.S.; Ismail, K.A.; Gharib, H.S.; Awad-Allah, M.M.A. The Effects of Bio-Fertilizer by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria on the Growth and Productivity of Barley under Deficit of Water Irrigation Conditions. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1973. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091973
Alotaibi MM, Aljuaid A, Alharbi MM, Qumsani AT, Alzuaibr FM, Alsubeie MS, Ismail KA, Gharib HS, Awad-Allah MMA. The Effects of Bio-Fertilizer by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria on the Growth and Productivity of Barley under Deficit of Water Irrigation Conditions. Agronomy. 2024; 14(9):1973. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091973
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlotaibi, Mashael M., Alya Aljuaid, Maha Mohammed Alharbi, Alaa T. Qumsani, Fahad Mohammed Alzuaibr, Moodi S. Alsubeie, Khadiga Ahmed Ismail, Hany S. Gharib, and Mamdouh M. A. Awad-Allah. 2024. "The Effects of Bio-Fertilizer by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria on the Growth and Productivity of Barley under Deficit of Water Irrigation Conditions" Agronomy 14, no. 9: 1973. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091973