Influence of Climatic Parameters and Plant Morphological Characters on the Total Anthocyanin Content of Purple Maize (Zea mays L., PMV-581) Cob Core
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Location and Characteristics of the Localities
2.2. Biological Materials
2.3. Characteristics of the Cultivation Plots
2.4. Methodology
2.5. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Morphological Characteristics of the Plant and Cob of PMV-581 Purple Maize
3.2. Climatic Parameters of the PMV-581 Purple Maize Growing Locations
3.3. Multiple Linear Correlation between Morphological (CCW, GWC and PL) and Climatic Descriptors (Tmin, RH and v)
3.4. Anthocyanin Content Acy in Cob Core of PVM-581 Purple Maize: Relationship between Morphological and Climatic Descriptors
4. Discussion
- -
- Within the range of values reported by [2], between 290 and 1333 mg/100 g of dry matter, depending on the tissues, varieties and country of cultivation. These authors also highlight that variations in the climatic parameters of the growing areas have an impact on the final Acy, with those that develop at low temperatures and in acidic conditions being more stable. Ref. [63] reported a range between 93 and 851 mg/100 g of whole grain for the pigmented phenotypes, which are the highest values among the Mexican corn phenotypes studied.
- -
- Higher than those reported by i/ [43] for Mexican purple corn varieties, which are between 9.35 and 27.04 mg/100 g of cob; ii/ Medina-Hoyos [9] for Peruvian varieties (including PMV-581), which are between 4.14 and 6.12 mg/100 g of cob core; iii/ [12] also for Peruvian varieties, between 54 and 115 mg/100 g of grain; and iv/ [64,65,66] with 43.02 (for Commercial variety, Korea), 141.58 (for KGW1, Thailand) and 304.5 (for Hybrid, China) mg/100 g of grain, respectively.
- -
- Lower than those reported by i/ [55] for the Peruvian varieties Canta, Joya and PMV-581, which are between 1336 and 2060 mg/100 g of cob core; ii/ [63] for a commercial Peruvian variety, with a very high value of 125.76 mg/g of cob core; and iii/ [7], also for Peruvian commercial varieties, determined by HPLC between 26 and 38 mg per gram of cob core extract.
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test Location | Variable | Average | SD | EE | CV | Mín | Max | A | K |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marabamba (M-Y) | NPS | 7.63 | 1.41 | 0.50 | 18.46 | 5.00 | 9.00 | −1.16 | −0.44 |
CIL/cm | 105.13 | 11.28 | 3.99 | 10.73 | 80.00 | 115.00 | −1.85 | 1.22 | |
PL/cm | 266.88 | 29.39 | 10.39 | 11.01 | 220.00 | 300.00 | −0.62 | −1.08 | |
ND/cm | 9.83 | 0.84 | 0.30 | 8.55 | 8.50 | 10.50 | −1.23 | −0.80 | |
CD/cm | 5.31 | 0.47 | 0.17 | 8.80 | 4.60 | 6.00 | −0.09 | −1.12 | |
RD/cm | 2.73 | 0.68 | 0.24 | 24.79 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 0.85 | −0.43 | |
CL/cm | 16.03 | 1.33 | 0.47 | 8.32 | 14.00 | 18.00 | −0.02 | −1.08 | |
TCW/g | 170.38 | 15.52 | 5.49 | 9.11 | 150.00 | 200.00 | 0.71 | −0.16 | |
GWC/g | 139.38 | 14.72 | 5.20 | 10.56 | 121.00 | 168.00 | 1.00 | −0.16 | |
CCW/g | 31.00 | 7.69 | 2.72 | 24.81 | 17.00 | 42.00 | −0.30 | −0.21 | |
Pistaloli (P-SA) | NPS | 6.25 | 0.46 | 0.16 | 7.41 | 6.00 | 7.00 | 1.44 | −0.67 |
CIL/cm | 97.63 | 6.48 | 2.29 | 6.64 | 89.00 | 107.00 | −0.20 | −1.31 | |
PL/cm | 238.38 | 9.47 | 3.35 | 3.97 | 220.00 | 250.00 | −1.02 | −0.10 | |
ND/cm | 9.25 | 1.34 | 0.47 | 14.45 | 7.50 | 12.00 | 1.20 | 0.46 | |
CD/cm | 3.23 | 0.65 | 0.23 | 20.01 | 2.00 | 4.00 | −0.77 | −0.32 | |
RD/cm | 1.81 | 0.44 | 0.16 | 24.22 | 1.00 | 2.50 | −0.50 | −0.04 | |
CL/cm | 10.26 | 2.48 | 0.88 | 24.20 | 7.80 | 14.00 | 0.28 | −1.60 | |
TCW/g | 105.00 | 6.99 | 2.47 | 6.66 | 98.00 | 118.00 | 0.86 | −0.61 | |
GWC/g | 79.63 | 7.13 | 2.52 | 8.95 | 70.00 | 90.00 | 0.15 | −1.17 | |
CCW/g | 25.38 | 3.78 | 1.34 | 14.89 | 20.00 | 30.00 | −0.52 | −1.12 | |
Winchuspata (W-Q) | NPS | 6.13 | 0.64 | 0.23 | 10.46 | 5.00 | 7.00 | −0.07 | −0.31 |
CIL/cm | 99.38 | 5.71 | 2.02 | 5.74 | 92.00 | 110.00 | 0.90 | −0.36 | |
PL/cm | 199.63 | 22.83 | 8.07 | 11.44 | 160.00 | 240.00 | −0.01 | 0.15 | |
ND/cm | 8.63 | 0.69 | 0.25 | 8.05 | 8.00 | 10.00 | 1.12 | −0.14 | |
CD/cm | 4.88 | 0.69 | 0.25 | 14.24 | 3.80 | 5.70 | −0.56 | −1.16 | |
RD/cm | 2.79 | 0.61 | 0.22 | 21.98 | 2.00 | 3.50 | −0.28 | −1.44 | |
CL/cm | 14.78 | 1.64 | 0.58 | 11.10 | 13.00 | 18.00 | 1.19 | −0.22 | |
TCW/g | 169.38 | 12.65 | 4.47 | 7.47 | 159.00 | 195.00 | 1.40 | 0.02 | |
GWC/g | 130.75 | 18.52 | 6.55 | 14.17 | 105.00 | 158.00 | 0.41 | −1.08 | |
CCW/g | 38.63 | 11.25 | 3.98 | 29.13 | 22.00 | 54.00 | −0.65 | −0.82 |
Pearson Coefficients | 1. PL | 2. CD | 3. CL | 4. TCW | 5. GWC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. PL/cm | ||||||
2. CD/cm | Corrtotal M-V P-SA W-Q | 0.151 −0.272 0.676 0.575 | ||||
3. CL/cm | Corrtotal M-V P-SA W-Q | 0.114 −0.399 0.413 0.505 | 0.938 *** 0.931 *** 0.849 ** 0.729 * | |||
4. TCW/g | Corrtotal M-V P-SA W-Q | −0.075 −0.335 0.261 0.209 | 0.904 *** 0.862 ** 0.709 * 0.649 | 0.888 *** 0.856 ** 0.806 * 0.752 * | ||
5. GWC/g | Corrtotal M-V P-SA W-Q | −0.010 −0.504 0.138 0.140 | 0.908 *** 0.539 0.698 0.774 * | 0.881 *** 0.605 0.801 * 0.719 * | 0.960 *** 0.872 ** 0.857 ** 0.804 * | |
6. CCW/g | Corrtotal M-V P-SA W-Q | −0.231 0.288 0.223 0.005 | 0.287 0.708 * −0.004 −0.545 | 0.316 0.569 −0.021 −0.338 | 0.459 * 0.350 0.233 −0.199 | 0.190 −0.154 −0.302 −0.743 * |
Test Location | Variable | Average | SD | EE. | CV | Mín | Máx | A | K |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marabamba (M-Y) | Tmax/°C | 24.31 | 8.91 | 3.15 | 36.64 | 2.30 | 28.50 | −2.81 | 3.11 |
Tmin/°C | 14.49 | 1.56 | 0.55 | 10.77 | 11.90 | 16.30 | −0.48 | −1.05 | |
Tm/°C | 19.40 | 4.22 | 1.49 | 21.76 | 9.20 | 22.40 | −2.56 | 2.62 | |
pmax/mm | 5.31 | 6.69 | 2.36 | 125.86 | 0.10 | 14.20 | 0.65 | −1.71 | |
pac/mm | 18.25 | 26.33 | 9.31 | 144.25 | 0.20 | 70.20 | 1.30 | −0.30 | |
RH/% | 60.13 | 2.80 | 0.99 | 4.66 | 57.00 | 66.00 | 1.44 | 0.51 | |
v/m/s | 4.13 | 0.40 | 0.14 | 9.68 | 3.40 | 4.50 | −0.84 | −0.81 | |
Lsun/W/m2 | 204.11 | 40.42 | 14.29 | 19.80 | 144.50 | 259.80 | −0.14 | −1.37 | |
Pistaloli (P-SA) | Tmax/°C | 31.12 | 1.05 | 0.37 | 3.36 | 29.20 | 32.80 | −0.37 | −0.02 |
Tmin/°C | 19.96 | 0.50 | 0.18 | 2.50 | 19.20 | 20.60 | −0.04 | −1.09 | |
Tm/°C | 25.54 | 0.61 | 0.21 | 2.38 | 24.55 | 26.70 | 0.46 | 0.35 | |
pmax/mm | 56.18 | 33.35 | 11.79 | 59.37 | 17.20 | 110.40 | 0.90 | −0.87 | |
pac/mm | 237.09 | 155.14 | 54.85 | 65.43 | 50.10 | 527.80 | 1.01 | −0.42 | |
RH/% | 88.25 | 1.91 | 0.67 | 2.16 | 84.00 | 90.00 | −1.79 | 1.25 | |
v/m/s | 1.19 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 11.42 | 0.90 | 1.30 | −1.54 | 0.56 | |
Lsun/W/m2 | 164.94 | 42.71 | 15.10 | 25.89 | 79.50 | 215.20 | −1.06 | 0.12 | |
Winchuspata (W-Q) | Tmax/°C | 18.71 | 0.38 | 0.14 | 2.05 | 18.20 | 19.20 | 0.20 | −1.43 |
Tmin/°C | 7.89 | 0.71 | 0.25 | 9.05 | 6.30 | 8.50 | −1.82 | 1.17 | |
Tm/°C | 13.30 | 0.26 | 0.09 | 1.93 | 12.75 | 13.55 | −1.60 | 0.71 | |
pmax/mm | 15.05 | 6.49 | 2.29 | 43.10 | 7.40 | 24.60 | 0.50 | −1.17 | |
pac/mm | 63.05 | 59.21 | 20.93 | 93.90 | 14.80 | 196.60 | 1.95 | 1.37 | |
RH/% | 96.25 | 0.71 | 0.25 | 0.73 | 95.00 | 97.00 | −0.40 | −0.78 | |
v/m/s | 3.23 | 0.28 | 0.10 | 8.57 | 2.70 | 3.50 | −0.99 | −0.45 | |
Lsun/W/m2 | 172.54 | 54.96 | 19.43 | 31.85 | 83.40 | 249.80 | −0.25 | −1.06 |
Climatic Parameters | 1. Tmin | 2. Tm | 3. pmax | 4. RH | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Tmin | |||||
2. Tm | Corrtotal M-V P-SA W-Q | 0.878 *** −0.213 0.522 0.855 ** | |||
3. pmax | Corrtotal M-V P-SA W-Q | 0.578 ** 0.831 * 0.344 0.621 | 0.510 * −0.375 −0.001 0.538 | ||
4. RH | Corrtotal M-V P-SA W-Q | −0.249 0.448 −0.169 0.431 | −0.224 −0.814 * −0.785 * −0.039 | 0.349 0.396 −0.343 0.053 | |
5. v | Corrtotal M-V P-SA W-Q | −0.612 ** 0.085 0.140 −0.519 | −0.542 ** 0.808 * 0.756 * −0.191 | −0.776 *** −0.016 −0.538 −0.484 | −0.576 ** −0.796 * −0.483 −0.694 |
Location | Tmin a/°C | RH b/% | v c/(m/s) | GWC d/g | CCW e/g | Acy f/(mg/100 g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P-SA (953 m a.s.l.) | 19.96 | 88.3 | 1.19 | 79.6 | 25.4 | 603.7 |
M-Y (1994 m m a.s.l.) | 14.49 | 60.1 | 4.13 | 139.4 | 31.0 | 623.5 |
W-Q (2498 m m a.s.l.) | 7.89 | 96.3 | 3.23 | 130.8 | 38.6 | 684.2 |
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Soto-Aquino, V.; Ignacio-Cárdenas, S.; Japa-Espinoza, A.J.; Campos-Félix, U.; Ciriaco-Poma, J.; Campos-Félix, A.; Pantoja-Medina, B.; Dávalos-Prado, J.Z. Influence of Climatic Parameters and Plant Morphological Characters on the Total Anthocyanin Content of Purple Maize (Zea mays L., PMV-581) Cob Core. Agronomy 2024, 14, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092021
Soto-Aquino V, Ignacio-Cárdenas S, Japa-Espinoza AJ, Campos-Félix U, Ciriaco-Poma J, Campos-Félix A, Pantoja-Medina B, Dávalos-Prado JZ. Influence of Climatic Parameters and Plant Morphological Characters on the Total Anthocyanin Content of Purple Maize (Zea mays L., PMV-581) Cob Core. Agronomy. 2024; 14(9):2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092021
Chicago/Turabian StyleSoto-Aquino, Víctor, Severo Ignacio-Cárdenas, Anghelo Jhosepp Japa-Espinoza, Ulda Campos-Félix, Juanita Ciriaco-Poma, Alex Campos-Félix, Benancio Pantoja-Medina, and Juan Z. Dávalos-Prado. 2024. "Influence of Climatic Parameters and Plant Morphological Characters on the Total Anthocyanin Content of Purple Maize (Zea mays L., PMV-581) Cob Core" Agronomy 14, no. 9: 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092021