From Recharge, to Groundwater, to Discharge Areas in Aquifer Systems in Quebec (Canada): Shaping of Microbial Diversity and Community Structure by Environmental Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Geochemical Analyses
2.4. DNA Extraction, Illumina Sequencing and Sequence Analysis
2.5. Sequence Analyses
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Groundwater Environmental Parameters
3.2. Archaeal and Bacterial 16S rRNA Gene Taxonomy
3.3. Alpha-Diversity Indices and Comparison between Habitats
3.4. Beta-Diversity Community Composition in Aquatic Habitats
3.5. Microbial Community Correlation with Environmental Variables
3.6. Microbial Source Tracking
4. Discussion
4.1. Microbial Communities Differ in Distinct Groundwater Ecosystems and Correlation with Environmental Parameters
4.2. Temporal Microbial Succession at the Vaudreuil Aquifer Site
4.3. Source of Groundwater Microbial Communities at the Vaudreuil Aquifer Site
4.4. Changes in the Microbial Community from Subsurface to the Surface Discharge Aquatic Ecosystems
4.5. Source of Microbial Communities in the Surface Discharge Aquatic Ecosystems
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Surface Recharge | Groundwater | Surface Discharge |
---|---|---|---|
V | Soil (Jul 2018) Soil (May 2018) Snow (Feb 2019) | Jul 2018 Feb 2019 Apr 2019 May 2019 | River (Jul 2018) River (Apr 2019) River (May 2019) |
SL | Soil (July 2018) Soil (May 2018) Snow (Feb 2019) | Jul 2018 May 2019 | Forest dis1 (Jul 2018) Forest dis2a (Jul 2018) Forest dis2b (Jul 2018) River (Jul 2018) River (May 2019) |
CH | Peat (Aug 2018) | Aug 2018 | Stream (Aug 2018) |
K1 | Soil (Aug 2018) | Aug 2018 | River (Aug 2018) |
K2 | Soil (Aug 2018) | Aug 2018 | River (Aug 2018) |
RR | Soil (Jul 2019) | Jul 2019 | River (Jul 2019) |
ND | Soil (Jul 2019) | Jul 2019 | Lake (Jul 2019) |
Archaea | |||||
Df | SumOfSqs | R2 | F | Pr(>F) | |
Habitat | 2 | 1.7638 | 0.29862 | 2.6004 | 0.001 |
Site | 1 | 0.7514 | 0.12721 | 2.2155 | 0.002 |
Residual | 10 | 3.3914 | 0.57417 | ||
Total | 13 | 5.9066 | 1.00000 | ||
Bacteria | |||||
Df | SumOfSqs | R2 | F | Pr(>F) | |
Habitat | 2 | 1.4322 | 0.23366 | 1.7254 | 0.001 |
Site | 1 | 0.5467 | 0.08919 | 1.3172 | 0.049 |
Residual | 10 | 4.1505 | 0.67714 | ||
Total | 13 | 6.1294 | 1.00000 |
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Villeneuve, K.; Violette, M.; Lazar, C.S. From Recharge, to Groundwater, to Discharge Areas in Aquifer Systems in Quebec (Canada): Shaping of Microbial Diversity and Community Structure by Environmental Factors. Genes 2023, 14, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14010001
Villeneuve K, Violette M, Lazar CS. From Recharge, to Groundwater, to Discharge Areas in Aquifer Systems in Quebec (Canada): Shaping of Microbial Diversity and Community Structure by Environmental Factors. Genes. 2023; 14(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleVilleneuve, Karine, Michel Violette, and Cassandre Sara Lazar. 2023. "From Recharge, to Groundwater, to Discharge Areas in Aquifer Systems in Quebec (Canada): Shaping of Microbial Diversity and Community Structure by Environmental Factors" Genes 14, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14010001