Analysis of the Spatio-Temporal Variability of Air Temperature Near the Ground Surface in the Central Baltic Area from 2005 to 2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Changes in Average Daily Surface Air Temperatures
3.1.1. Annual Changes in Average Daily Surface Air Temperatures
3.1.2. Changes in Average Daily Surface Air Temperatures in Different Seasons
3.2. Changes in Average Monthly and Annual Air Temperatures
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Meteorological Station | Country | Coordinates |
---|---|---|
Tallinn–Harku | Estonia | 59°24′ N; 24°36′ E |
Narva | Estonia | 59°23′ N; 28°07′ E |
Pärnu | Estonia | 58°23′ N; 24°29′ E |
Tartu–Tõravere | Estonia | 59°24′ N; 24°36′ E |
Võru | Estonia | 57°51′ N; 27°01′ E |
Stockholm | Sweden | 59°21′ N; 18°03′ E |
Helsinki–Kaisaniemi | Finland | 60°12′ N; 24°57′ E |
Tallinn | Narva | Pärnu | Tartu | Võru | Stockholm | Helsinki | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximum | 27.3 | 28.1 | 26.4 | 27.1 | 28.5 | 25.9 | 26.4 |
Minimum | −23.7 | −27.3 | −25.1 | −27.2 | −28.1 | −18.0 | −22.7 |
Average | 6.7 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 7.4 | 6.9 |
SD | 8.5 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 9.2 | 9.4 | 7.8 | 8.6 |
Narva | Pärnu | Tartu | Võru | Stockholm | Helsinki | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pearson correlation | 0.9862 | 0.9897 | 0.9856 | 0.9801 | 0.9468 | 0.9796 |
Coefficient of determination | 0.9726 | 0.9796 | 0.9714 | 0.9607 | 0.8965 | 0.9596 |
Standard error | 1.5231 | 1.2556 | 1.5555 | 1.8642 | 2.5219 | 1.7301 |
Parameter | Value | Standard Error | t-Statistic | P-Value | Lower 95% | Upper 95% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Narva | Slope a | 1.0699 | 0.0024 | 440.76 | 0.0000 | 1.0652 | 1.0747 |
Intercept b | −0.7887 | 0.0262 | −30.15 | 0.0000 | −0.8400 | −0.7375 | |
Pärnu | Slope a | 1.0255 | 0.0020 | 512.47 | 0.0000 | 1.0216 | 1.0294 |
Intercept b | −0.0509 | 0.0216 | −2.36 | 0.0183 | −0.0932 | −0.0086 | |
Tartu | Slope a | 1.0699 | 0.0025 | 431.55 | 0.0000 | 1.0650 | 1.0747 |
Intercept b | −0.5571 | 0.0267 | −20.85 | 0.0000 | −0.6095 | −0.5047 | |
Võru | Slope a | 1.0865 | 0.0030 | 365.71 | 0.0000 | 1.0807 | 1.0924 |
Intercept b | −0.5014 | 0.0320 | −15.66 | 0.0000 | −0.5641 | −0.4386 | |
Stockholm | Slope a | 0.8754 | 0.0040 | 217.81 | 0.0000 | 0.8676 | 0.8833 |
Intercept b | 1.5240 | 0.0433 | 35.19 | 0.0000 | 1.4391 | 1.6089 | |
Helsinki | Slope a | 0.9939 | 0.0028 | 360.45 | 0.0000 | 0.9885 | 0.9993 |
Intercept b | 0.2516 | 0.0297 | 8.47 | 0.0000 | 0.1933 | 0.3098 |
Month | Tallinn | Narva | Pärnu | Tartu | Võru | Stockholm | Helsinki |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
January | −3.6 | −4.9 | −3.8 | −4.9 | −5.0 | −2.0 | −3.6 |
February | −3.9 | −5.3 | −4.3 | −5.0 | −5.0 | −2.0 | −3.8 |
March | −0.8 | −1.4 | −0.9 | −0.7 | −0.6 | 0.6 | −0.8 |
April | 5.0 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 4.8 |
May | 10.9 | 11.2 | 11.6 | 12.1 | 12.5 | 10.7 | 11.1 |
June | 14.6 | 15.2 | 15.2 | 15.6 | 16.1 | 14.8 | 15.0 |
July | 18.0 | 18.5 | 18.1 | 18.2 | 18.6 | 18.0 | 18.5 |
August | 16.7 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 16.8 | 17.2 | 16.8 | 17.2 |
September | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.7 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 13.1 | 12.8 |
October | 6.8 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 7.7 | 7.0 |
November | 2.9 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 3.6 | 3.3 |
December | −0.1 | −1.1 | −0.1 | −1.1 | −1.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
Year | 6.7 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 7.4 | 6.9 |
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Eensaar, A. Analysis of the Spatio-Temporal Variability of Air Temperature Near the Ground Surface in the Central Baltic Area from 2005 to 2019. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010060
Eensaar A. Analysis of the Spatio-Temporal Variability of Air Temperature Near the Ground Surface in the Central Baltic Area from 2005 to 2019. Atmosphere. 2021; 12(1):60. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010060
Chicago/Turabian StyleEensaar, Agu. 2021. "Analysis of the Spatio-Temporal Variability of Air Temperature Near the Ground Surface in the Central Baltic Area from 2005 to 2019" Atmosphere 12, no. 1: 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010060