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Article

A Contrast of the Monsoon–Tropical Cyclone Relationship between the Western and Eastern North Pacific

1
Laboratory for Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
2
Key Laboratory of Climate, Resources and Environment in Continental Shelf Sea and Deep Sea of Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Atmosphere 2022, 13(9), 1465; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091465
Submission received: 11 August 2022 / Revised: 28 August 2022 / Accepted: 2 September 2022 / Published: 9 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Tropical Cyclone: Formation and Implications)

Abstract

The monsoon and tropical cyclone (TC) are principal components of global climate variability. The relationship between the monsoon intensity and the TC genesis frequency (TCGF) in different major monsoon regions has not been fully studied. Here, we compared the relationship of monsoon intensity and TCGF during the extended boreal summer between the western and eastern North Pacific, results of which revealed different monsoon–TC relationships (with opposite-sign correlations) in these two regions. A significant positive correlation could be found between the western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM) index and the TCGF over the western North Pacific (WNP). In contrast, a significant negative correlation was identified between the North American summer monsoon (NASM) index and the TCGF over the eastern North Pacific (ENP). The observed different monsoon–TC relationships could be explained by the monsoon-associated changes in the environmental factors over the regions where TCs were formed and the influences from sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies across tropical ocean basins. By comparing the environmental factors in the TC genesis potential index (GPI), the mid-level relative humidity (vertical wind shear) was the factor to make the largest contribution to the monsoon-associated TC genesis changes over the WNP (ENP). In strong (weak) WNPSM years, the high (low) atmospheric mid-level relative humidity could promote (inhibit) the TCGF over the WNP, resulting in a significant positive monsoon–TC correlation. In contrast, in strong (weak) NASM years, the strong (weak) vertical wind shear could inhibit (promote) the TCGF over the ENP, thus leading to a significant negative monsoon–TC correlation. In addition, the WNPSM and the TCGF over the WNP could be modulated by the similar tropical Pacific–Atlantic SST anomalies jointly, thus leading to a significant positive correlation between the WNPSM and the WNP TCGF. In contrast, the signs of tropical Pacific–Atlantic SST anomalies influencing the NASM were almost opposite to those affecting the TCGF over the ENP, thus resulting in a significant negative correlation between the NASM and the ENP TCGF. The results obtained herein highlight the differences of the monsoon–TC relationship between the WNP and the ENP, which may provide useful information for the prediction of monsoon intensity and TC formation number over these two regions.
Keywords: tropical cyclone; genesis frequency; western North Pacific monsoon; North American monsoon; eastern North Pacific; western North Pacific; genesis potential index (GPI) tropical cyclone; genesis frequency; western North Pacific monsoon; North American monsoon; eastern North Pacific; western North Pacific; genesis potential index (GPI)

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MDPI and ACS Style

Weng, J.; Wang, L.; Luo, J.; Chen, B.; Peng, X.; Gan, Q. A Contrast of the Monsoon–Tropical Cyclone Relationship between the Western and Eastern North Pacific. Atmosphere 2022, 13, 1465. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091465

AMA Style

Weng J, Wang L, Luo J, Chen B, Peng X, Gan Q. A Contrast of the Monsoon–Tropical Cyclone Relationship between the Western and Eastern North Pacific. Atmosphere. 2022; 13(9):1465. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091465

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weng, Jinwen, Lei Wang, Jianzhou Luo, Baiyang Chen, Xugang Peng, and Qiuying Gan. 2022. "A Contrast of the Monsoon–Tropical Cyclone Relationship between the Western and Eastern North Pacific" Atmosphere 13, no. 9: 1465. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091465

APA Style

Weng, J., Wang, L., Luo, J., Chen, B., Peng, X., & Gan, Q. (2022). A Contrast of the Monsoon–Tropical Cyclone Relationship between the Western and Eastern North Pacific. Atmosphere, 13(9), 1465. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091465

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