Analysis of the Characteristics of Uneven Spatio-Temporal Distribution in Wujiang River Basin over the Last 60 Years
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Precipitation Concentration (PCD) and Mid-Concentration (PCP)
2.2.2. R/S Analysis
2.2.3. Nonparametric Statistical Test Method
2.2.4. Wavelet Analysis
3. Temporal Variation Characteristics of Precipitation in Wujiang River Basin
3.1. Trends of PCD and PCP
3.2. Analysis of Mutation Characteristics of PCD and PCP
3.3. Periodic Variation Characteristics of PCD and PCP
3.4. Forecast of Changing Trend of PCD and PCP
4. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of PCD and PCP in Wujiang River Basin
4.1. Characteristics of Multi-Year Average Spatial Distribution
4.2. Main Spatial Distribution Patterns of PCD and PCP
5. Conclusions and Prospect
- (1)
- The fluctuation range of PCD in Wujiang River Basin from 1963 to 2021 was 0.34–0.59, with an annual average of 0.47, which was significantly higher than that of the whole country. The fluctuation of PCD shows a slowly increasing trend, indicating that the precipitation will tend to be concentrated in the future. The fluctuation range of PCP is from 17.1 to 21.5 days, with a multi-year average of 19.0. Most of the precipitation in the year is concentrated around the middle of July, showing a slowly decreasing trend, indicating that there is an early trend in the middle period of precipitation concentration in the future. There was a significant mutation in PCD around 1983 and a significant mutation in PCP around 2001.
- (2)
- The precipitation in Wujiang River Basin will experience a change process from more concentrated to more uniform in about 40 years, and the degree of precipitation concentration will continue to increase in the future. The maximum precipitation in the Wujiang River Basin will experience a change process from late to early in about 40 years, and the maximum precipitation in the future will continue to be delayed. The Hurst index of PCD is 0.53, which is close to the critical value of 0.5, indicating that the periodic law may be implied in the study area. The Hurst index of PCP is 0.6, which indicates that there is an obvious Hearst phenomenon in PCP; that is, the precipitation concentration period will keep ahead of time.
- (3)
- The overall precipitation concentration degree (PCD) in the Wujiang River Basin is relatively uniform, showing a gradual increase from the downstream to the upstream, indicating a higher concentration of precipitation in the upstream areas. The concentration period of precipitation is lower in most areas of the middle and lower reaches. The multi-year average of PCP (precipitation) at various stations in the Wujiang River Basin ranges from 14.6 to 22.1, with a spatial distribution pattern characterized by distinct high and low values, gradually increasing from southeast to northwest. Overall, precipitation in the southeastern part of the upstream region of the Wujiang River Basin is mainly concentrated in the first half of July, while precipitation in the middle and lower reaches is mainly concentrated in late June and early July.
- (4)
- The spatial variation of the precipitation concentration degree (PCD) in the Wujiang River Basin exhibits an opposite pattern between the upstream and downstream regions. In the upstream areas, precipitation becomes more concentrated (less dispersed), while in the downstream areas, precipitation becomes less concentrated (more dispersed). The high-value center of this pattern is located in the northern part of the downstream region. Compared to the upstream and downstream, the middle reaches show less-noticeable changes in precipitation concentration. The spatial variation of the PCP (precipitation) also demonstrates a similar contrasting pattern between the upstream and middle–lower reaches of the basin, with the high-value center located in the middle–lower reaches, particularly in the Yinjiang area. This indicates a more-pronounced variation in the concentration period of precipitation in these areas. The spatial variation reflects the influence of basin topography on the differences in the precipitation spatial distribution.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Station | Altitude (m) | MAP 1 (mm) | Station | Altitude (m) | MAP (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HZ | 1535.1 | 844.1 | WA | 1129.6 | 1111.6 |
WN | 2237.5 | 900.4 | YQ | 622.1 | 1076.4 |
SC | 1815.9 | 1187.4 | SN | 416.8 | 1125.2 |
WL | 406.9 | 1045.7 | YJ | 521.5 | 1109.4 |
QJ | 786.9 | 1186.3 | SQ | 467.5 | 1111.1 |
PS | 322.2 | 1227.3 | NY | 1457.1 | 961.1 |
DZ | 685.6 | 1053.9 | QX | 1231.4 | 1386.2 |
ZA | 816.4 | 1066.8 | ZJ | 1319.3 | 1309.5 |
YY | 826.5 | 1343.8 | AS | 1431.1 | 1467.8 |
WC | 660.3 | 1209.3 | LZ | 1361.9 | 1342.4 |
YH | 334.6 | 1146.5 | PD | 1274.5 | 961.1 |
DJ | 629.5 | 1215.6 | XW | 1296.7 | 1140.6 |
BJ | 1510.6 | 891.8 | QZ | 1300 | 1171.4 |
DF | 1700 | 1052.1 | PB | 1298.2 | 1271.1 |
ZY | 843.9 | 1035.1 | GY | 1223.8 | 1113.5 |
JS | 942 | 1026.3 | GD | 925 | 1154.9 |
XF | 1112.1 | 1193.9 | FG | 710.2 | 1052.1 |
KY | 1275.6 | 1119.5 | LL | 1093.7 | 1089.9 |
SY | 889.3 | 1117.5 | HX | 1149 | 1138.1 |
MT | 792.2 | 1211.7 | WD | 1104 | 1140.6 |
Types | Mean Value | Z | p | β (%) | Lβ (%) | Uβ (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
precipitation | 1140.94 | −1.996 | 0.046 | −106.33 | −363.40 | 93.08 |
PCD | 0.47 | 1.753 | 0.080 | 0.03 | −0.06 | 0.13 |
PCP | 19.17 | −0.732 | 0.464 | −0.23 | −1.42 | 1.04 |
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Wang, J.; Peng, T.; Xiang, Y.; Yin, Z.; Qi, H. Analysis of the Characteristics of Uneven Spatio-Temporal Distribution in Wujiang River Basin over the Last 60 Years. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14091356
Wang J, Peng T, Xiang Y, Yin Z, Qi H. Analysis of the Characteristics of Uneven Spatio-Temporal Distribution in Wujiang River Basin over the Last 60 Years. Atmosphere. 2023; 14(9):1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14091356
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Junchao, Tao Peng, Yiheng Xiang, Zhiyuan Yin, and Haixia Qi. 2023. "Analysis of the Characteristics of Uneven Spatio-Temporal Distribution in Wujiang River Basin over the Last 60 Years" Atmosphere 14, no. 9: 1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14091356
APA StyleWang, J., Peng, T., Xiang, Y., Yin, Z., & Qi, H. (2023). Analysis of the Characteristics of Uneven Spatio-Temporal Distribution in Wujiang River Basin over the Last 60 Years. Atmosphere, 14(9), 1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14091356