Evaluating Real Driving Emissions of Compressed Natural Gas Taxis in Chongqing, China—A Typical Mountain Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tested Vehicles
2.2. Test Route and Driving Cycles
2.3. Measurement System
2.4. TWC Replacement Test
2.5. Data Processing
3. Results
3.1. Distance-Specific Emission Factors
Fuel Type | Emission Standard | Pollutants | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
THC (g/km) | CO (g/km) | NOx (g/km) | PN (#/km × 1010) | |||
This study | CNG | China IV | 2.02 ± 0.50 | 1.93 ± 0.60 | 1.80 ± 0.78 | 7.34 ± 3.87 |
China V | 1.69 ± 0.20 | 1.47 ± 0.39 | 1.10 ± 0.29 | 13.7 ± 6.36 | ||
China IV (TWC replacement) | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.34 ± 0.20 | 2.32 ± 1.54 | ||
China V (TWC replacement) | 0.25 ± 0.11 | 0.46 ± 0.03 | 0.43 ± 0.36 | 5.17 ± 1.38 | ||
Zheng et al. [4] | Gasoline | China IV (without TWC) | 0.55 ± 0.07 | 0.09 ± 0.60 | 2.30 ± 0.6 | - |
China IV (TWC replacement) | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.90 ± 0.80 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | - | ||
Huang et al. [28] | Gasoline | Euro IV | 0.047 | 1.07 | 0.17 | 15,700 |
Zhang et al. [30] | Gasoline | Euro IV | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.40± 0.21 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | - |
Kontses et al. [34] | CNG | Euro IVb | - | - | - | 14.00 |
Yao et al. [35] | CNG | Euro III | 0.61 ± 0.39 | 0.60 ± 0.50 | 1.19 ± 1.27 | - |
Xie et al. [36] | CNG | Euro III | 1.19 | 4.60 | 1.00 | - |
Emission limits 1 | CNG | China IV | 0.20 | 2.30 | 0.15 | - |
China V | 0.10 | 1.00 | 0.60 | 60 |
3.2. Impact of Speed on Emission
3.3. Impact of Road Slope on Emission
3.4. Impact of Instantaneous Acceleration on Emission
3.5. Impact of Natural Gas Consumption
3.6. Emission Rates by Operating Mode
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CNG | Compressed natural gas | TWC | Three-way catalyst |
PEMS | Portable emissions measurement system | VSP | Vehicle specific power |
OBD | On-board diagnostic system | UFs | Urban freeways |
PRs | Primary roads | SRs | Secondary roads |
ASM | Acceleration simulation mode | GPS | Global positioning system |
I/M | Inspection/Maintenance | NEDC | New European Driving Cycle |
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Hu, W.; Duan, L.; Tang, M.; Yuan, R.; Lv, G.; Lv, P.; Li, Z.; Li, L.; Xu, H.; Ding, J.; et al. Evaluating Real Driving Emissions of Compressed Natural Gas Taxis in Chongqing, China—A Typical Mountain Cities. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 715. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15060715
Hu W, Duan L, Tang M, Yuan R, Lv G, Lv P, Li Z, Li L, Xu H, Ding J, et al. Evaluating Real Driving Emissions of Compressed Natural Gas Taxis in Chongqing, China—A Typical Mountain Cities. Atmosphere. 2024; 15(6):715. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15060715
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Wei, Linfeng Duan, Min Tang, Rui Yuan, Gaiyan Lv, Pingjiang Lv, Zhenliang Li, Ling Li, Hualong Xu, Jiajia Ding, and et al. 2024. "Evaluating Real Driving Emissions of Compressed Natural Gas Taxis in Chongqing, China—A Typical Mountain Cities" Atmosphere 15, no. 6: 715. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15060715