An Analysis of Extreme Rainfall Events in Cambodia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Descriptions of the Study Area
2.2. Rainfall Indices Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Spatial Analysis of Extreme Rainfall Indices
3.2. Temporal Analysis of Extreme Rainfall Indices
3.2.1. Tonle Sap Region
3.2.2. Coastal Region
3.2.3. Mekong Delta
3.2.4. Upper Mekong
3.3. Seasonal Rainfall Analysis
3.3.1. Extreme Rainfall Indices R95p and R99p
3.3.2. Dryness Analysis by Consecutive Dry Day Index
Tonle Sap Region
Coastal Region
Mekong Delta
Upper Mekong
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Station ID | Station Name | Province | Geographic Coordinates | Rainfall Data Span [Years] | Time Period | Altitude [m] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Longitude [° N] | Latitude [° E] | |||||||
1 | 100401 | Kampot | Kampot | 10.60281 | 104.18641 | 31 | 1991–2021 | 2 |
2 | 100420 | Takeo (Donkeo) | Takeo | 10.99000 | 104.79000 | 31 | 1991–2021 | 4 |
3 | 110409 | Takhmao—Ta Kdol | Kandal | 11.46678 | 104.95839 | 31 | 1991–2021 | 12 |
4 | 110413 | Phnom Srouch | Kampong Speu | 11.38382 | 104.37423 | 31 | 1991–2021 | 68 |
5 | 110425 | Pochentong | Phnom Penh | 11.61401 | 104.86477 | 31 | 1991–2021 | 11 |
6 | 110503 | Svay Rieng | Svay Rieng | 11.08000 | 105.78000 | 31 | 1991–2021 | 3 |
7 | 110514 | Prey Veng Town | Prey Veng | 11.48901 | 105.33222 | 28 | 1191–1994 1998–2021 | 8 |
8 | 120302 | Pursat | Pursat | 12.54389 | 103.91244 | 31 | 1991–2021 | 20 |
9 | 120401 | Kampong Chhnang (Sre Pring) | Kampong Chhnang | 12.23165 | 104.67273 | 31 | 1991–2021 | 19 |
10 | 120404 | Kampong Thom | Kampong Thom | 12.68541 | 104.8971 | 31 | 1991–2021 | 14 |
11 | 120423 | Kampong Thmar | Kampong Thom | 12.50226 | 105.14832 | 31 | 1991–2021 | 15 |
12 | 120504 | Kampong Cham (Chhroy Thmar) | Kampong Cham | 11.99462 | 105.4687 | 31 | 1991–2021 | 16 |
13 | 130305 | Battambang | Battambang | 13.09038 | 103.21419 | 31 | 1991–2021 | 15 |
14 | 130325 | Siem Reap Koktatry | Siem Reap | 13.37000 | 103.85000 | 31 | 1991–2021 | 17 |
15 | 130501 | Stung Treng | Stung Treng | 13.52819 | 105.96893 | 30 | 1191–1994 1996–2021 | 56 |
16 | 110303 | Krong Khemarak Phummin | Koh Kong | 11.60810 | 102.98805 | 25 | 1997–2021 | 5 |
17 | 100303 | Sihanouk Ville | Sihanouk Ville | 10.63317 | 103.50476 | 30 | 1992–2021 | 41 |
Indices | Index Name | Descriptive Name | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
RX1day | Max. 1-day precipitation | Monthly maximum 1-day precipitation | mm |
RX5day | Max. 5-day precipitation | Monthly maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation | mm |
R10 | Number of heavy precipitation days | Annual count of days when PRCP ≥ 10 mm | days |
R20 | Number of very heavy precipitation days | Annual count of days when PRCP ≥ 20 mm | days |
Rnn | Number of days above nn (140.7, 151.75, 157, 283.55) mm | Annual count of days when PRCP ≥ nn mm; nn is user-defined threshold | days |
CDDs | Consecutive dry days | Maximum number of PRCP when RR < 1 mm | days |
CWDs | Consecutive wet days | Maximum number of PRCP when RR ≥ 1 mm | days |
R95p | Very wet days | Annual total PRCP when RR > 95th percentile | mm |
R99P | Extremely wet days | Annual total PRCP when RR > 99th percentile | mm |
PRCPTOT | Annual total wet day precipitation | Annual total PRCP in wet days (RR≥ 1 mm) | mm |
SDII | Simple daily intensity index | Annual total precipitation divided by the number of wet days (defined as PRCP ≥ 1 mm) in the year | mm/day |
No | Station Name | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CDDs | CWDs | RX1day | RX5day | R10 | R20 | Rnn | PRCPTOT | R95p | R99p | SDII | ||
1 | Kampot | −0.286 | 0.188 | −0.359 | −0.377 | 0.115 | −0.008 | 0 | 3.334 | −2.765 | −0.86 | −0.111 |
2 | Takeo (Donkeo) | −0.849 | 0.141 | −0.006 | 0.094 | 0.179 | 0.049 | 0 | 7.833 | 0.396 | −2.725 | −0.234 |
3 | Takhmao—Ta Kdol | −1.549 | 0.037 | −0.837 | −1.451 | 0.2 | −0.059 | −0.004 | 2.769 | −4.814 | −3.972 | −0.304 |
4 | Phnom Srouch | 0.239 | −0.186 | −0.409 | −1.126 | 0.177 | 0.205 | −0.004 | −0.777 | −1.101 | −1.842 | 0.048 |
5 | Pochentong | −0.456 | −0.076 | −0.693 | 0.34 | 0.331 | 0.197 | −0.002 | 8.17 | 0.482 | −0.737 | 0.066 |
6 | Svay Rieng | −0.173 | 0.116 | −0.078 | −0.002 | −0.023 | 0.021 | 0 | 0.138 | −1.189 | −2.791 | −0.058 |
7 | Prey Veng Town | −4.892 | 0.151 | 1.259 | 2.982 | 0.826 | 0.522 | 0 | 32.50 | 10.10 | 1.225 | −0.094 |
8 | Pursat | 0.352 | −0.045 | −0.436 | −1.188 | −0.193 | −0.112 | 0 | −6.656 | −3.612 | −2.781 | −0.043 |
9 | Kampong Chhnang (Sre Pring) | −0.068 | 0.011 | −1.612 | −4.227 | −0.174 | −0.061 | −0.011 | −14.402 | −18.176 | −9.501 | −0.172 |
10 | Kampong Thom | −0.589 | −0.031 | −0.215 | −0.869 | −0.19 | −0.092 | 0 | −8.768 | −6.752 | −2.756 | −0.07 |
11 | Kampong Thmar | 0.193 | −0.199 | −0.988 | −1.369 | −0.172 | −0.061 | −0.016 | −5.695 | −1.012 | −1.338 | 0.119 |
12 | Kampong Cham (Chhroy Thmar) | −0.294 | 0.031 | −0.381 | −0.95 | −0.103 | −0.042 | 0.004 | −4.201 | −3.158 | −3.629 | −0.047 |
13 | Battambang | 0.435 | −0.009 | 0.113 | −0.248 | −0.31 | −0.185 | 0.006 | −6.762 | −2.518 | −0.14 | −0.083 |
14 | Siem Reap Koktatry | −0.112 | −0.014 | 0.796 | 1.252 | 0.269 | 0.213 | 0.07 | 7.127 | 0.401 | 0.206 | 0.044 |
15 | Stung Treng | −1.183 | −0.143 | 0.14 | 0.099 | 0.181 | 0.217 | −0.011 | 7.53 | 1.577 | 2.305 | 0.045 |
16 | Krong Khemarak Phummin | −0.612 | 0.78 | 5.032 | 6.854 | 0.995 | 1.04 | 0.008 | 89.94 | 46.884 | 24.785 | 0.107 |
17 | Sihanouk Ville | −0.093 | 0.284 | 0.569 | 0.803 | 0.019 | −0.166 | 0 | 2.448 | 4.296 | 2.516 | −0.112 |
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Pen, S.; Rad, S.; Ban, L.; Brang, S.; Nuth, P.; Liao, L. An Analysis of Extreme Rainfall Events in Cambodia. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 1017. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15081017
Pen S, Rad S, Ban L, Brang S, Nuth P, Liao L. An Analysis of Extreme Rainfall Events in Cambodia. Atmosphere. 2024; 15(8):1017. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15081017
Chicago/Turabian StylePen, Sytharith, Saeed Rad, Liheang Ban, Sokhorng Brang, Panha Nuth, and Lin Liao. 2024. "An Analysis of Extreme Rainfall Events in Cambodia" Atmosphere 15, no. 8: 1017. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15081017