Forces Driving the Morphological Evolution of a Mud-Capped Dredge Pit, Northern Gulf of Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Analysis Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
- Syvitski, J.P.M.; Kettner, A.J.; Overeem, I.; Hutton, E.W.H.; Hannon, M.T.; Brakenridge, G.R.; Day, J.W.; Vorosmarty, C.J.; Saito, Y.; Giosan, L.; et al. Sinking deltas due to human activities/sinking deltas. Nat. Geosci. 2009, 2, 681–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Day, J.W.; Lane, R.R.; D’Elia, C.F.; Wiegman, A.R.H.; Rutherford, J.S.; Shaffer, G.P.; Brantley, C.G.; Kemp, G.P. Large infrequently operated river diversions for Mississippi delta restoration. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2016, 183, 292–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Snedden, G.A.; Cretini, K.; Patton, B. Inundation and salinity impacts to above- and belowground productivity in spartina patens and spartina alterniflora in the Mississippi river deltaic plain: Implications for using river diversions as restoration tools. Ecol. Eng. 2015, 81, 133–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szymelfenig, M.; Kotwicki, L.; Graca, B. Benthic re-colonization in post-dredging pits in the puck bay (Southern Baltic Sea). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2006, 68, 489–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Der Veer, H.W.; Bergman, M.J.N.; Beukema, J.J. Dredging activities in the dutch wadden sea: Effects on macrobenthic infauna. Neth. J. Sea Res. 1985, 19, 183–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Rijn, L.C. Eastuary and coastal sedimentation problems. Int. J. Sediment Res. 2016, 20, 39–51. [Google Scholar]
- Waye-Barker, G.A.; McIlwaine, P.; Lozach, S.; Cooper, K.M. The effects of marine sand and gravel extraction on the sediment composition and macrofaunal community of a commercial dredging site (15 years post-dredging). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2015, 99, 207–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, K.; Sanger, D.; Riekerk, G.; Crowe, S.; Van Dolah, R.F.; Wren, P.A.; Ma, Y. Seabed texture and composition changes offshore of port royal sound, south carolina before and after the dredging for beach nourishment. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2014, 149, 57–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- González, M.; Medina, R.; Espejo, A.; Tintoré, J.; Martin, D.; Orfila, A. Morphodynamic evolution of dredged sandpits. J. Coast. Res. 2010, 263, 485–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kubicki, A.; Manso, F.; Diesing, M. Morphological evolution of gravel and sand extraction pits, Tromper Wiek, Baltic Sea. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2007, 71, 647–656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Rijn, L.C. Sedimentation of dredged channels by current and waves. J. Waterw. Port Coast. Oceans Eng. 1986, 112, 541–559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walstra, D.J.R.; Van Rijn, L.C.; Hoogewoning, S.E.; Aarninkhof, S.G.J. Modelling of Sedimentation of Dredged Trenches and Channels Under the Combined Action of Tidal Currents and Waves. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment, Long Island, NY, USA, 21–23 June 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Nairn, R.; Lu, Q.; Langendyk, S. A Study to Address the Issue of Seafloor Stability and the Impact on Oil and Gas Infrastructure in the Gulf of Mexico; U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service: Washington, DC, USA, 2005.
- Pelican Island Restoration (BA-38-1) CWPPRA Project: Project Completion Report; Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc.: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2013.
- Obelcz, J.; Xu, K.; Bentley, S.J.; O’Connor, M.; Miner, M.D. Mud-capped dredge pits: An experiment of opportunity for characterizing cohesive sediment transport and slope stability in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2018, 208, 161–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heiri, O.; Lotter, A.F.; Lemcke, G. Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: Reproducibility and comparability of results. J. Paleolimnol. 2001, 25, 101–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goring, D.G.; Nikora, V. Despiking acoustic doppler velocimeter data. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2002, 128, 117–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wahl, T.L. Discussion of "Despiking Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter Data" by Derek G. Goring and Vladimir I. Nikora. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2002, 129, 484–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karimpour, A.; Chen, Q. Wind wave analysis in depth limited water using oceanlyz, a matlab toolbox. Comput. Geosci. 2017, 106, 181–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, S.C.; Friedrichs, C.T.; ASCE, M.; Maa, J.P.-Y.; Wright, L.D. Estimating bottom stress in tidal boundary layer from acoustic doppler velocimeter data. Hydraul. Eng. 2000, 126, 399–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soulsby, R.L.; Dyer, K.R. The form of the near-bed velocity profile in a tidally accelerating flow. J. Geophys. Res. 1981, 20, 8067–8074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Styles, R.; Glenn, S.M. Modeling stratified wave and current bottom boundary layers on the continental shelf. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2000, 105, 24119–24139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Henkel, D.J. The role of waves in causing submarine landslides. Geotechnique 1970, 20, 75–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, Q.; Nairn, R.B. Prediction on morphological response of dredged sand-borrow pits. Coast. Eng. 2010, 32, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kranenburg, W. Modelling Wave Damping by Fluid Mud. Master’s Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherslands, February 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Wright, L.D.; Sherwood, C.R.; Sternberg, R.W. Field measurements of fairweather bottom boundary layer processes and sediment suspension on the Louisiana Inner Continental Shelf. Mar. Geol. 1997, 140, 329–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corbett, D.R.; McKee, B.; Duncan, D. An evaluation of mobile mud dynamics in the Mississippi river deltaic region. Mar. Geol. 2004, 209, 91–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Connor, M.C. Sediment Infilling of Louisiana Continental-sShelf Dredge Pits: A Record of Sedimentary Processes in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Master’s Thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, K.; Harris, C.K.; Hetland, R.D.; Kaihatu, J.M. Dispersal of Mississippi and Atchafalaya sediment on the Texas–Louisiana shelf: Model estimates for the year 1993. Cont. Shelf. Res. 2011, 31, 1558–1575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Station | Location | Sensor | Sample Frequency (Burst Duration/Interval) | Sensor Height above Bed (cm) | Observational Period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 (Outside pit) | Latitude 29°8′21.48″ N | Wave Gauge | 10 Hz (1200 s/60 min) | 69 | 15 July–21 August 2015 |
Longitude 89°31′18.24″ W | ADVOcean | 1 Hz (1024 s/60 min) | 48 | ||
T2 (Inside pit) | Latitude 29°6′13.02″ N | OBS 5+ | 1 Hz (60 s/60 min) | 97 | |
Wave Gauge | 10 Hz (1200 s/60 min) | 90 | |||
Longitude 89°30′35.46″ W | Upward looking ADCP | Sentinel 1200 kHz 20 min/60 min 0.5 m bin size | 120 | ||
Downward Looking ADCP | Sentinel 1200 kHz 20 min/60 min 0.25 m bin size | 0.53 m below sea surface | 20 May 2015 |
Stations | T1 (Outside Pit) | T2 (Inside Pit) | |
---|---|---|---|
Grain Size | Clay | 26.21% | 49.85% |
Silt | 43.14% | 45.84% | |
Sand | 30.65% | 4.31% | |
Mean Grain Size (Φ/mm) | 6.00/0.016 | 7.93/0.004 | |
Median Grain Size (Φ/mm) | 5.77/0.018 | 8.01/0.004 | |
Organic Matter Percentage | 5.5% | 9.2% | |
SSC (g/L and collection date) | 0.0262 (15 July 2015) | 0.0146 (15 July 2015) | |
0.0205 (22 August 2015) | 0.0163 (22 August 2015) |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wang, J.; Xu, K.; Li, C.; Obelcz, J.B. Forces Driving the Morphological Evolution of a Mud-Capped Dredge Pit, Northern Gulf of Mexico. Water 2018, 10, 1001. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10081001
Wang J, Xu K, Li C, Obelcz JB. Forces Driving the Morphological Evolution of a Mud-Capped Dredge Pit, Northern Gulf of Mexico. Water. 2018; 10(8):1001. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10081001
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Jiaze, Kehui Xu, Chunyan Li, and Jeffrey B. Obelcz. 2018. "Forces Driving the Morphological Evolution of a Mud-Capped Dredge Pit, Northern Gulf of Mexico" Water 10, no. 8: 1001. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10081001