Evaluation of the Influence of Farming Practices and Land Use on Groundwater Resources in a Coastal Multi-Aquifer System in Puck Region (Northern Poland)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Coupling of groundwater model with SWAT hydrological model to obtain detailed information on groundwater recharge rate and nitrate loads leached from soil. SWAT has already been used in a number of studies on the hydrological balance and nutrient transport in the Baltic region [38,39,40,41,42,43], including the Puck Bay region [44,45]. However, there has been no attempt to apply SWAT-MODFLOW coupling on the Polish Baltic coast.
- Evaluation of the time variability of the groundwater recharge rate and SGD rate and the associated nitrate loads under different land use scenarios. While the impact of crop type and land use on water and nutrient fluxes has been extensively studied for different watersheds using SWAT, there have been no such investigations in the context of submarine groundwater discharge. In this work, we evaluate 10 scenarios, corresponding to six types of crops and four types of land use.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. SWAT Model
2.3. Groundwater Flow Model
2.4. Nitrate Transport Model
2.5. Scenarios for Transient Flow Simulations
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Steady-State Flow Simulation
3.2. Transient Simulations of Flow and Nitrogen Transport
4. Conclusions
- Groundwater recharge, SGD, and the corresponding nitrate loads show a distinct time variable pattern, with maximum recharge rates and NO3 leaching in late winter/early spring.
- The average values of recharge and SGD fluxes are influenced more significantly by crop type grown on farmlands than by the changes in land use. The maximum relative difference between the 10 y average of SGD flux between different scenarios did not exceed 12%. In contrast, nitrate leaching from soil and nitrate transport via SGD shows a larger variability, strongly depending on crop type and land use.
- The lowest N-NO3 load in SGD occurred for the hypothetical scenario with all land converted to grassland, and it was three times smaller than the largest load, corresponding to converting all land to growing crops.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Output Type | Unit | Model Values | Reference Values |
---|---|---|---|
Groundwater recharge (a) | mm/y | 36 to 146 (d) | 19 to 186 [49,50] |
Evapotranspiration, including REVAP (a) | mm/y | 459 (c) | 450 to 495 [51] |
Total runoff (b) | mm/y | 162 (c) | 47 to 268 [52] |
Surface runoff / total runoff ratio (b) | - | 0.55 (c) | 0.5 [53] |
Forest biomass production (a) | t/ha/y | 6.1 to 8.5 (d) | 6.5 to 7.5 [54,55] |
Yield: Winter wheat (b) | t/ha/y | 5.9 to 7.3 (d) | 5.5 [47] |
Yield: Canola (b) | t/ha/y | 2.6 to 3.4 (d) | 3.4 [47] |
Yield: Silage corn (b) | t/ha/y | 9.2 to 10.3 (d) | 13.5 [47] |
Yield: Hay (b) | t/ha/y | 4.7 to 7.0 (d) | 4.0 to 10.0 [56] |
Layer No. | Type | Hydraulic Conductivity [m/s] | |
---|---|---|---|
MIN | MAX | ||
1 | aquifer (Qp) | 5.56 × 10−5 | 1.39 × 10−4 |
2 | aquitard | 1.25 × 10−9 | 2.50 × 10−8 |
3 | aquifer (Q1) | 1.94 × 10−5 | 4.72 × 10−4 |
4 | aquitard | 7.78 × 10−9 | 1.94 × 10−8 |
5 | aquifer (Q2) | 8.33 × 10−5 | 5.56 × 10−4 |
6 | aquitard | 7.78 × 10−9 | 7.78 × 10−9 |
Scenario | Recharge [mm/y] | N-NO3 Leaching from Soil [kg/ha/y] | Discharge to Puck Bay [m3/h] | N-NO3 Load to Puck Bay [kg/h] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q1 | Q2 | |||
S1 (baseline) | 73 | 19.7 | 386 | 875 | 0.95 | 0.10 |
S2 (winter wheat) | 62 | 7.4 | 367 | 839 | 0.62 | 0.03 |
S3 (silage corn | 84 | 23.9 | 403 | 906 | 1.12 | 0.14 |
S4 (canola) | 75 | 30.5 | 389 | 881 | 1.22 | 0.15 |
S5 (summer cereals) | 73 | 12.7 | 384 | 872 | 0.79 | 0.07 |
S6 (potatoes) | 90 | 26.0 | 414 | 927 | 1.21 | 0.17 |
S7 (peas) | 92 | 19.5 | 417 | 933 | 1.02 | 0.12 |
S8 (only farmland) | 79 | 33.9 | 391 | 881 | 1.75 | 0.14 |
S9 (only grassland) | 85 | 3.4 | 398 | 897 | 0.59 | 0.03 |
S10 (only forest) | 71 | 14.7 | 379 | 858 | 1.19 | 0.04 |
Layer | N-NO3 in SGD Flux in Numerical Simulations [mg/dm3] | N-NO3 Measured in Groundwater in Coastal Area [mg/dm3] |
---|---|---|
Upper aquifer (Q1) | 1.48–5.03 | <0.02–20.78 |
Lower aquifer (Q2) | 0.03–0.38 | <0.02–0.23 |
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Szymkiewicz, A.; Potrykus, D.; Jaworska-Szulc, B.; Gumuła-Kawęcka, A.; Pruszkowska-Caceres, M.; Dzierzbicka-Głowacka, L. Evaluation of the Influence of Farming Practices and Land Use on Groundwater Resources in a Coastal Multi-Aquifer System in Puck Region (Northern Poland). Water 2020, 12, 1042. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041042
Szymkiewicz A, Potrykus D, Jaworska-Szulc B, Gumuła-Kawęcka A, Pruszkowska-Caceres M, Dzierzbicka-Głowacka L. Evaluation of the Influence of Farming Practices and Land Use on Groundwater Resources in a Coastal Multi-Aquifer System in Puck Region (Northern Poland). Water. 2020; 12(4):1042. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041042
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzymkiewicz, Adam, Dawid Potrykus, Beata Jaworska-Szulc, Anna Gumuła-Kawęcka, Małgorzata Pruszkowska-Caceres, and Lidia Dzierzbicka-Głowacka. 2020. "Evaluation of the Influence of Farming Practices and Land Use on Groundwater Resources in a Coastal Multi-Aquifer System in Puck Region (Northern Poland)" Water 12, no. 4: 1042. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041042