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Volume 16
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10.3390/w16111534
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Review

Leakages in Water Distribution Networks: Estimation Methods, Influential Factors, and Mitigation Strategies—A Comprehensive Review

by
Athanasios V. Serafeim
1,2,
Nikolaos Th. Fourniotis
3,
Roberto Deidda
2,
George Kokosalakis
1,4 and
Andreas Langousis
1,*
1
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
2
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale ed Architettura Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
3
Department of Civil Engineering, University of the Peloponnese, 26334 Patras, Greece
4
Department of Maritime Transport and Logistics, School of Business and Economics, Deree, The American College of Greece, 15342 Athens, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2024, 16(11), 1534; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111534
Submission received: 21 April 2024 / Revised: 16 May 2024 / Accepted: 21 May 2024 / Published: 27 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Supplies, Sewerage and Stormwater Networks: New Challenges and Advances in Modelling and Management)
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Abstract

While only a minimal fraction of global water resources is accessible for drinking water production, their uneven distribution combined with the climate crisis impacts leads to challenges in water availability. Leakage in water distribution networks compounds these issues, resulting in significant economic losses and environmental risks. A coherent review of (a) the most widely applied water loss estimation techniques, (b) factors influencing them, and (c) strategies for their resilient reduction provides a comprehensive understanding of the current state of knowledge and practices in leakage management. This work aims towards covering the most important leakage estimation methodologies, while also unveiling the factors that critically affect them, both internally and externally. Finally, a thorough discussion is provided regarding the current state-of-the-art technics for leakage reduction at the municipal-wide level.
Keywords: water losses; leakage management; leakage; water networks partitioning; water distribution networks; water balance; minimum night flow water losses; leakage management; leakage; water networks partitioning; water distribution networks; water balance; minimum night flow

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MDPI and ACS Style

Serafeim, A.V.; Fourniotis, N.T.; Deidda, R.; Kokosalakis, G.; Langousis, A. Leakages in Water Distribution Networks: Estimation Methods, Influential Factors, and Mitigation Strategies—A Comprehensive Review. Water 2024, 16, 1534. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111534

AMA Style

Serafeim AV, Fourniotis NT, Deidda R, Kokosalakis G, Langousis A. Leakages in Water Distribution Networks: Estimation Methods, Influential Factors, and Mitigation Strategies—A Comprehensive Review. Water. 2024; 16(11):1534. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111534

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serafeim, Athanasios V., Nikolaos Th. Fourniotis, Roberto Deidda, George Kokosalakis, and Andreas Langousis. 2024. "Leakages in Water Distribution Networks: Estimation Methods, Influential Factors, and Mitigation Strategies—A Comprehensive Review" Water 16, no. 11: 1534. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111534

APA Style

Serafeim, A. V., Fourniotis, N. T., Deidda, R., Kokosalakis, G., & Langousis, A. (2024). Leakages in Water Distribution Networks: Estimation Methods, Influential Factors, and Mitigation Strategies—A Comprehensive Review. Water, 16(11), 1534. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111534

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