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Open AccessArticle
Slaughterhouse Wastewater Properties Assessment by Modern and Classic Methods
by
Ramona Crainic
Ramona Crainic 1,2 and
Radu Fechete
Radu Fechete 2,*
1
Faculty of Physics, Doctoral School, Babeş-Bolyai University, 1 Kogălniceanu, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
2
Physics and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Str. Muncii 103-105, 400641, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2024, 16(17), 2382; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172382 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 3 July 2024
/
Revised: 15 August 2024
/
Accepted: 23 August 2024
/
Published: 24 August 2024
Abstract
Advanced 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxometry and diffusometry methods and VIS-nearIR spectroscopy combined with pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and totally dissolved solids (TDSSs) measurements were used to assess the properties of wastewater collected from a chicken slaughterhouse in each step of the treatment process (wastewater before treatment, biologically treated wastewater, chemically treated wastewater and discharged wastewater) and from sludge. The 1H NMR Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) and Pulsed-Gradient-Stimulated-Echo (PGSE) decay curves recorded for all samples of wastewater were analyzed by inverse Laplace transform (ILT) to obtain the distributions of transverse relaxation times T2 and diffusion coefficient D. The VIS-nearIR total absorbance, T2-values, D-values, pH, EC and TDSS parameters were used for statistical analysis in principal component (PCA). The 1H T2-distributions measured for the slaughterhouse wastewater lie in two main regions reflecting the number of dissolved solids or the distribution of undissolved solids. The PCA analysis successfully differentiates between polluted and less polluted wastewaters and sludge. The wastewater treatment applied by the slaughterhouse is efficient. The recommended methods for wastewater monitoring are the NMR T2- and D-distributions and EC, TDSSs and NMR-D diffusion coefficient. Finally, Machine Learning algorithms are used to provide prediction maps of wastewater treatment stage.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Crainic, R.; Fechete, R.
Slaughterhouse Wastewater Properties Assessment by Modern and Classic Methods. Water 2024, 16, 2382.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172382
AMA Style
Crainic R, Fechete R.
Slaughterhouse Wastewater Properties Assessment by Modern and Classic Methods. Water. 2024; 16(17):2382.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172382
Chicago/Turabian Style
Crainic, Ramona, and Radu Fechete.
2024. "Slaughterhouse Wastewater Properties Assessment by Modern and Classic Methods" Water 16, no. 17: 2382.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172382
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