Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater in Grassland Watersheds of Cold and Arid Regions in Xilinhot, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Experimental Methods
2.3. Mineral Saturation Index
2.4. Groundwater Quality Evaluation
2.5. Health Risk Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Hydrochemical Characteristics and Mineral Saturation Index
3.2. Sources of Substances in Groundwater
3.2.1. The Main Source of Ions
- (1)
- The source of Na+
- (2)
- Sources of Ca2+ and Mg2+
- (3)
- Contribution of mineral dissolution
- (4)
- Distribution relationship of anions and cations
- (5)
- Ion exchange
3.2.2. Piper Diagram
3.2.3. Chadha Diagram
3.2.4. The Formation and Evolution Law of Groundwater
3.2.5. Hydrogeochemical Modeling
3.3. The Relationship between Groundwater Components and Human Health
3.3.1. Endemic Diseases and Target Ion Screening
3.3.2. Results of Groundwater Quality Evaluation
3.3.3. Non-Carcinogenic Health Risks
3.3.4. Analysis of Drinking Groundwater and Human Health
- (1)
- Comprehensive analysis of healthy geological conditions
- (2)
- Macro-elements and their compounds and human health
- (3)
- Micronutrients and their compounds and human health
- (4)
- Comprehensive
3.3.5. A Discussion of Healthy Groundwater
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The dissolution and alteration of major minerals within the aquifer contribute to the characteristics of groundwater through various chemical reactions. Igneous rocks, which contain minerals such as potassium feldspar, plagioclase, and pyroxene, release Na+, Cl−, and K+ ions into the groundwater. In contrast, sedimentary rocks that contain minerals like dolomite and calcite provide ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3− to the groundwater, which can accumulate and precipitate with runoff.
- (2)
- A comprehensive assessment of groundwater quality indicates that the water in this region can be predominantly categorized into Classes II, III, IV, and V. The primary factors influencing the evaluation of water quality include fluoride (F−), nitrate (NO3−), sulfate (SO42−), dissolved oxygen (DO), chloride (Cl−), sodium (Na+), and total dissolved solids (TDS). Notably, fluoride affected 23% of the samples, while both nitrate and sulfate impacted 18% of the water sample evaluation results.
- (3)
- The results of the non-carcinogenic health risk assessment indicate that F− and NO3− exhibit distinct hazard quotients for children and adults within the studied region. However, neither HQNitrate, HQFluoride, nor THI values have resulted in any tangible risks. The health threats associated with nitrate and fluoride appear to be nearly equivalent for both adults and children, although the hazard quotient for children is slightly higher than that for adults.
- (4)
- The analysis of the relationship between drinking water and human health, based on macro-elements, reveals significant geological health concerns in the study area. These concerns include excessively high local hardness, along with increased concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na) ions. Additionally, the content of sulfate (SO4) is also markedly elevated. Regarding micronutrients, nearly 50% of the water samples in this region posed health hazards which could lead to conditions such as fluorosis. In contrast, the levels of beneficial micronutrients, including selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), boron (B), and germanium (Ge), were not found to be elevated.
- (5)
- Based on the elemental abundance characteristics of the Earth’s crust, human blood, and groundwater in the study area, we compared the hydrochemical characteristics of drinking groundwater in longevity areas with those in non-longevity areas. This comparison facilitated a discussion on the definition of healthy groundwater and led to recommendations for its consumption.
- (6)
- In the next phase of our research, we will continue to collect groundwater samples to analyze both intra-annual and inter-annual variations in groundwater quality. Additionally, we will collect aquifer rock samples and analyze their mineral composition to further elucidate the processes and intensities of water–salt interactions. During the survey, we will compile statistics on the types and frequencies of endemic disease occurrences and provide detailed recommendations based on the drinking water habits observed.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean | Min. | Max. | SD | CV% | Sk | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 7.25 | 6.38 | 7.54 | 0.27 | 3.72 | −1.59 |
TDS (mg/L) | 514.33 | 41.85 | 1980.87 | 497.02 | 96.63 | 1.57 |
Ca2+ (mg/L) | 98.50 | 26.24 | 262.40 | 67.13 | 68.15 | 1.33 |
Mg2+ (mg/L) | 58.84 | 11.91 | 159.19 | 38.15 | 64.84 | 1.39 |
Na+ (mg/L) | 154.80 | 44.02 | 386.26 | 95.05 | 61.40 | 0.65 |
K+ (mg/L) | 7.74 | 2.30 | 34.25 | 8.36 | 108.08 | 2.29 |
HCO3− (mg/L) | 443.88 | 196.04 | 765.80 | 151.27 | 34.08 | 0.31 |
Cl− (mg/L) | 138.50 | 33.68 | 391.72 | 90.90 | 65.63 | 1.14 |
SO42− (mg/L) | 239.75 | 21.29 | 1206.98 | 310.18 | 129.38 | 1.97 |
0.19 | −1.17 | 1.39 | 0.53 | 283.29 | −0.53 | |
0.07 | −0.57 | 0.68 | 0.24 | 323.27 | −0.34 | |
−1.62 | −2.37 | −0.47 | 0.58 | −35.52 | 0.74 | |
−6.44 | −7.37 | −5.62 | 0.54 | −8.43 | −0.23 |
Children | Adults | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HQnitrate | HQfluoride | THI | HQnitrate | HQfluoride | THI | |
XJ12 | 0.021 | 0.116 | 0.056 | 0.020 | 0.112 | 0.132 |
XJ13 | 0.003 | 0.061 | 0.022 | 0.003 | 0.059 | 0.062 |
XJ14 | 0.042 | 0.087 | 0.069 | 0.041 | 0.084 | 0.124 |
XJ15 | 0.000 | 0.066 | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.063 | 0.063 |
XJ16 | 0.006 | 0.061 | 0.025 | 0.006 | 0.059 | 0.065 |
XJ17 | 0.084 | 0.105 | 0.116 | 0.081 | 0.102 | 0.183 |
XJ18 | 0.009 | 0.077 | 0.033 | 0.009 | 0.075 | 0.083 |
XJ19 | 0.002 | 0.063 | 0.022 | 0.002 | 0.061 | 0.063 |
XJ20 | 0.000 | 0.063 | 0.019 | 0.000 | 0.061 | 0.061 |
XJ21 | 0.000 | 0.068 | 0.021 | 0.000 | 0.066 | 0.066 |
XJ22 | 0.045 | 0.087 | 0.072 | 0.044 | 0.084 | 0.128 |
XJ23 | 0.133 | 0.191 | 0.191 | 0.128 | 0.185 | 0.313 |
XJ24 | 0.000 | 0.094 | 0.029 | 0.000 | 0.091 | 0.091 |
XJ25 | 0.004 | 0.050 | 0.019 | 0.004 | 0.048 | 0.052 |
XJ27 | 0.000 | 0.025 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.024 | 0.024 |
XJ28 | 0.031 | 0.097 | 0.061 | 0.030 | 0.094 | 0.124 |
XJ29 | 0.148 | 0.046 | 0.162 | 0.143 | 0.045 | 0.188 |
XJ30 | 0.027 | 0.094 | 0.056 | 0.026 | 0.091 | 0.117 |
XJ33 | 0.022 | 0.061 | 0.041 | 0.021 | 0.059 | 0.080 |
XJ34 | 0.004 | 0.056 | 0.021 | 0.004 | 0.054 | 0.058 |
XJ35 | 0.030 | 0.080 | 0.054 | 0.029 | 0.077 | 0.106 |
XJ36 | 0.135 | 0.046 | 0.149 | 0.131 | 0.045 | 0.176 |
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Xia, Y.; Chen, G.; Liu, F.; Zhang, J.; Ning, H. Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater in Grassland Watersheds of Cold and Arid Regions in Xilinhot, China. Water 2024, 16, 2488. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172488
Xia Y, Chen G, Liu F, Zhang J, Ning H. Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater in Grassland Watersheds of Cold and Arid Regions in Xilinhot, China. Water. 2024; 16(17):2488. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172488
Chicago/Turabian StyleXia, Yubo, Guangfang Chen, Futian Liu, Jing Zhang, and Hang Ning. 2024. "Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater in Grassland Watersheds of Cold and Arid Regions in Xilinhot, China" Water 16, no. 17: 2488. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172488