High-Performance Crown Ether-Modified Membranes for Selective Lithium Recovery from High Na+ and Mg2+ Brines Using Electrodialysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Materials
2.2. Membrane Modifications
2.3. Membrane Characterization
2.3.1. Functionality and Thermogravimetric Analysis
2.3.2. Surface Charge
2.3.3. Ion Exchange Capacity
2.3.4. Water Adsorption Capacities
2.3.5. EIS Analysis
2.4. Bench-Scale Electrodialysis and Calculations
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of the Membranes
3.1.1. The Analysis of EIS
In Lower-Concentration Solutions
In Higher-Concentration Solutions
3.1.2. Physiochemical Properties
3.1.3. Water Adsorption Capacity Analysis in Different Solutions
3.2. Permselectivity and Performance of the Membranes in Electrodialysis
3.2.1. Li Separation from High Na+ Brines
3.2.2. Li Separation from High Mg2+ Brines
3.3. Comparison of the Performance and Energy Costs of Different Methods for Li+ Recovery
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Membranes | Current Density (mA/cm2) | Current Efficiency (%) | tLi | tNa | tNa/tLi | Li Flux (meq/s-m2) | Li Recovery Efficiency (%) | Na Leaking Rate (%) | Energy Consumption (kWh/kg-Li) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12CE/CR671 | 2.3 | 20.3 ± 3.9 | 0.12 | 0.88 | 2.00 | 4.7 ± 1.2 | 0.84 | 1.7 | 2.81 |
9.4 | 14.8 ± 2.8 | 0.26 | 0.74 | 0.81 | 34.3 ± 5.7 | 11.1 | 4.9 | 7.05 | |
15.9 | 17.3 ± 1.6 | 0.25 | 0.75 | 0.85 | 62.3 ± 9.8 | 17.4 | 9.4 | 14.84 | |
15.9–4 * | 35.8 ± 8.5 | 0.25 | 0.75 | 0.88 | 126.9 ± 11.4 | 22.7 | 19.6 | 16.56 | |
15CE/CR671 | 2.3 | 38.4 ± 3.9 | 0.32 | 0.68 | 0.61 | 23.1 ± 3.7 | 5.1 | 3.1 | 0.48 |
9.4 | 17.0 ± 2.9 | 0.28 | 0.72 | 0.76 | 37.0 ± 7.3 | 8.2 | 6.2 | 5.07 | |
15.9 | 39.4 ± 7.4 | 0.24 | 0.76 | 0.93 | 129.7 ± 14.7 | 28.8 | 26.6 | 5.74 | |
15.9–4 * | 127.4 ± 6.3 | 0.23 | 0.77 | 0.97 | 407.5 ± 21.5 | 90.5 | 86.9 | 4.26 | |
18CE/ CR671 | 2.3 | 80.3 ± 8.5 | 0.21 | 0.79 | 1.06 | 32.3 ± 5.7 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 0.42 |
9.4 | 19.3 ± 3.9 | 0.23 | 0.77 | 0.96 | 42.6 ± 7.8 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 5.22 | |
15.9 | 17.8 ± 4.0 | 0.19 | 0.81 | 1.15 | 79.1 ± 9.4 | 16.0 | 18.7 | 10.71 | |
15.9–4 * | 33.4 ± 5.0 | 0.17 | 0.83 | 1.30 | 117.4 ± 11.4 | 23.8 | 32.2 | 16.85 |
Membranes | Current Density (mA/cm2) | Current Efficiency | tLi | tMg | tMg/tLi | Li Flux (meq/s-m2) | Li Recovery Efficiency (%) | Mg Leaking Rate (%) | Energy Consumption (kWh/kg-Li) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12CE/CR671 | 2.2 | 19.6 ± 4.3 | 0.51 | 0.49 | 0.20 | 16.5 ± 1.3 | 4.7 | 0.9 | 0.56 |
9.3 | 15.3 ± 1.6 | 0.77 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 71.3 ± 6.7 | 20.0 | 2.4 | 2.21 | |
14.7 | 20.0 ± 5.3 | 0.73 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 121.5 ± 12.7 | 34.1 | 5.3 | 4.56 | |
14.7–4 * | 21.2 ± 4.2 | 0.71 | 0.29 | 0.20 | 155.0 ± 16.3 | 43.6 | 7.2 | 8.34 | |
15CE/CR671 | 2.2 | 38.4 ± 9.9 | 0.84 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 26.7 ± 5.9 | 6.8 | 0.5 | 0.36 |
9.3 | 17.0 ± 2.9 | 0.81 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 88.4 ± 15.7 | 22.3 | 2.2 | 1.81 | |
14.7 | 39.4 ± 7.4 | 0.85 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 248.6 ± 47.3 | 62.9 | 4.8 | 2.21 | |
14.7–4 * | 49.7 ± 9.3 | 0.74 | 0.26 | 0.10 | 318.7 ± 55.6 | 80.5 | 5.7 | 4.02 | |
18CE/CR671 | 2.2 | 30.9 ± 4.3 | 0.48 | 0.52 | 0.21 | 24.2 ± 5.7 | 6.5 | 1.3 | 0.40 |
9.3 | 11.7 ± 3.4 | 0.67 | 0.33 | 0.20 | 54.8 ± 6.8 | 14.7 | 2.8 | 2.99 | |
14.7 | 12.7 ± 2.8 | 0.74 | 0.26 | 0.15 | 109.8 ± 11.8 | 29.5 | 3.9 | 5.35 | |
14.7–4 * | 19.3 ± 4.9 | 0.75 | 0.25 | 0.14 | 140.0 ± 18.6 | 37.6 | 4.7 | 9.80 |
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Yin, X.; Xu, P.; Wang, H. High-Performance Crown Ether-Modified Membranes for Selective Lithium Recovery from High Na+ and Mg2+ Brines Using Electrodialysis. Water 2024, 16, 2489. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172489
Yin X, Xu P, Wang H. High-Performance Crown Ether-Modified Membranes for Selective Lithium Recovery from High Na+ and Mg2+ Brines Using Electrodialysis. Water. 2024; 16(17):2489. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172489
Chicago/Turabian StyleYin, Xiaochun, Pei Xu, and Huiyao Wang. 2024. "High-Performance Crown Ether-Modified Membranes for Selective Lithium Recovery from High Na+ and Mg2+ Brines Using Electrodialysis" Water 16, no. 17: 2489. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172489