A Framework for Characterizing Spatio-Temporal Variation of Turbidity and Drivers in the Navigable and Turbid River: A Case Study of Xitiaoxi River
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Framework Development
3.1. Data Sources
3.1.1. In Situ Measurement Data
3.1.2. Satellite Data
3.1.3. Socioeconomic Data
3.2. Turbidity Inversion Methods
3.2.1. Model Building
3.2.2. Model Validation
3.3. Driving Factors Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Spatial Distribution of Turbidity in Xitiaoxi River
4.1.1. Spatial Distribution of Average Annual Turbidity
4.1.2. Spatial Distribution of Seasonal Turbidity
4.2. Temporal Variation Inof Annual Turbidity in Xitiaoxi River
5. Discussion
5.1. Impacts of River Sediment on Turbidity
5.2. Impacts of Vegetation Coverage on Turbidity
5.3. Impacts of Socioeconomic Factors on Turbidity
5.4. Reliability, Advantages, and Limitations of Current Study
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- By comparing different wavebands and their combinations, the inversion model is eventually established with the red wave band (y = 2.1216e30.502x, R2 = 0.912). The validation of the model results shows good performance and applicability.
- (2)
- The turbidity in the upstream region is generally lower than that in the downstream region. The lowest value appears in the upper channel of the river (11 NTU), and the highest value appears in the downstream region near Gangkou station (298 NTU). The average turbidity in the river in spring, summer, autumn, and winter was of 93.9, 111.3, 113.5, and 120.9 NTU, respectively.
- (3)
- Turbidity in the middle and lower reaches of the Xitiaoxi River continuously increased before 2005. After 2005, the turbidity began to decline. This trend is very obvious at the monitoring points on the main stream of the Xitiaoxi River, such as downstream of the Xitiaoxi River (S1), Gangkou station (S2), middle reaches of the Xitiaoxi River (S4), Hengtangcun station (S6), upper stream of the Xitiaoxi River (S7), and the Huxi River (S8).
- (4)
- Shipping and mining are the main reasons affecting the turbidity in the Xitiaoxi River. At the same time, the influence of local policies on turbidity in the Xitiaoxi River is also significant.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sites | Location | Sites | Location |
---|---|---|---|
S1 | Downstream of Xitiaoxi River | S8 | Huxi River |
S2 | Gangkou station | S9 | Dipuxi River |
S3 | Xiaoshugang station | S10 | Downstream of Xixi River |
S4 | Middle reaches of Xitiaoxi River | S11 | Longwangxi River |
S5 | Hunnigang station | S12 | Middle reaches of Xixi River |
S6 | Hengtangcun station | S13 | Nanxi River |
S7 | Upper stream of Xitiaoxi River | S14 | Upper stream of Xixi River |
Band | Spectrum Range (µm) | Spatial Resolution (m) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Landsat 5 | Band 1 | Blue | 0.45–0.52 | 30 |
Band 2 | Green | 0.52–0.60 | 30 | |
Band 3 | Red | 0.63–0.69 | 30 | |
Band 4 | NIR | 0.76–0.90 | 30 | |
Band 5 | SWIR | 1.55–1.75 | 30 | |
Band 6 | LWIR | 10.4–12.5 | 120 | |
Band 7 | SWIR | 2.08–2.35 | 30 | |
Landsat 8 | Band 1 | Coastal | 0.43–0.45 | 30 |
Band 2 | Blue | 0.45–0.52 | 30 | |
Band 3 | Green | 0.53–0.60 | 30 | |
Band 4 | Red | 0.63–0.68 | 30 | |
Band 5 | NIR | 0.85–0.89 | 30 | |
Band 6 | SWIR1 | 1.56–1.67 | 30 | |
Band 7 | SWIR2 | 2.10–2.30 | 30 | |
Band 8 | Pan | 0.50–0.68 | 15 | |
Band 9 | Cirrus | 1.36–1.39 | 30 | |
Band 10 | TIRS1 | 10.60–11.19 | 100 | |
Band 11 | TIRS2 | 11.50–12.51 | 100 |
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Zhang, M.; Yan, R.; Gao, J.; Yan, S.; Yan, J. A Framework for Characterizing Spatio-Temporal Variation of Turbidity and Drivers in the Navigable and Turbid River: A Case Study of Xitiaoxi River. Water 2024, 16, 2503. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172503
Zhang M, Yan R, Gao J, Yan S, Yan J. A Framework for Characterizing Spatio-Temporal Variation of Turbidity and Drivers in the Navigable and Turbid River: A Case Study of Xitiaoxi River. Water. 2024; 16(17):2503. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172503
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Min, Renhua Yan, Junfeng Gao, Suding Yan, and Jialong Yan. 2024. "A Framework for Characterizing Spatio-Temporal Variation of Turbidity and Drivers in the Navigable and Turbid River: A Case Study of Xitiaoxi River" Water 16, no. 17: 2503. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172503