How Can Plants Help Restore Degraded Tropical Soils?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Tropical Soil Degradation and Importance of Their Restoration
3.2. Involving Plants in the Restoration of Degraded Tropical Soils
3.3. Nitrogen Fixation to Restore Degraded Tropical Soils
3.3.1. Mechanisms of Nitrogen Fixation by Plant Species
3.3.2. Examples of Nitrogen-Fixing Plant Species for Restoring Degraded Tropical Soils
3.4. Carbon Sequestration to Restore Degraded Tropical Soils
3.4.1. Carbon Sequestration Mechanisms
3.4.2. Examples of Plant Species to Sequester C and Restore Degraded Tropical Soils
3.5. Organic Matter Addition to Restore the Fertility of Degraded Tropical Soils
3.5.1. Soil Fertility and Organic Matter Addition Mechanisms
3.5.2. Examples of Species That Provide Organic Matter to Restore Tropical Soils’ Fertility
3.6. Structure Stabilization to Restore Degraded Tropical Soils
3.6.1. Mechanisms of Soil Structure Stabilization by Plant Species
3.6.2. Examples of Species That Stabilize Soil Structure to Restore Degraded Tropical Soils
3.7. Controlling Water and Wind Erosion to Restore Degraded Tropical Soils
3.7.1. Mechanisms to Control Water and Wind Erosion
3.7.2. Examples of Plant Species to Help Control Erosion and Restore Degraded Tropical Soils
3.8. Limitations of the Use of Plants to Help Restore Degraded Tropical Soils
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
---|---|---|
1. Literature type | Peer-reviewed publications | Gray literature and non-reviewed documents |
2. Languages | Documents published in French and English | Documents in all other languages |
3. Topics | Documents on the restoration of degraded tropical soils using plant species | All other themes |
4. Geography | Tropical zone | All other parts of the globe |
5. Period | Documents published between 1993 and 2023 | Documents published before 1993 |
6. Database | Google Scholar and Scopus | All other databases |
Soil Group | General Description | Geographical Distribution | References |
---|---|---|---|
Acrisols | Soils with a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil. At certain depths, they have a low base saturation and low clay content. | Humid tropical, humid subtropical, and warm temperate regions, widespread in Southeast Asia, the Amazon, the southeastern United States, and east and west Africa. | [38,39,40,41]. |
Ferralsols | Deeply weathered, red, or yellow soils typical of the humid tropics, rich in primary minerals and kaolinite. | Worldwide extent estimated at around 750 million hectares, almost exclusively in the humid tropics on the continental shields of South America and Africa. | [41,42,43,44]. |
Fluvisols | Young soils formed in alluvial deposits, having a profile with signs of stratification and little horizon differentiation. | Present on every continent and in every climate, they occupy some 350 million hectares, with more than half of them in the tropics. | [41,45,46]. |
Lixisols | Soils with a higher clay content in subsoil than topsoil. They have a high base saturation and low clay content at certain depths. | Found in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions, seasonally dry, on Pleistocene and older surfaces. | [41,47,48,49]. |
Luvisols | Soils with a higher clay content in subsoil than topsoil. They have highly active clays in the clay horizon and a high base saturation at certain depths. | Covers 500 M to 600 M ha worldwide, mainly in temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions. | [41,50,51,52]. |
Nitisols | Deep, well-drained, red tropical soils with >30% clay subsoil and a stable structure. | Around 200 M ha worldwide, more than half of which are in tropical Africa, notably on the high plateaus (>1000 m) of Ethiopia, Kenya, Congo, and Cameroon. | [41,53,54,55]. |
Plinthosols | Soils containing plinthite, a mixture of kaolinitic clays rich in Fe and/or Mn. | Found in the humid tropics, notably in the eastern Amazon basin, the central Congo basin, and parts of southeast Asia. | [41,56,57,58]. |
Vertisols | Clay soils, with a high proportion of swelling clays, forming wide, deep fissures when they dry out. | Found mainly in semi-arid tropical regions but also in humid tropical regions such as Trinidad. | [41,59,60]. |
Restoration Mechanisms | Plant Characteristics (Numbers in Parenthesis Refer to Those Shown in Figure 2) |
---|---|
Nitrogen fixation |
|
Carbon sequestration |
|
Organic matter addition |
|
Structure stabilization |
|
Erosion control |
|
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Massoukou Pamba, R.; Poirier, V.; Nguema Ndoutoumou, P.; Epule, T.E. How Can Plants Help Restore Degraded Tropical Soils? Land 2023, 12, 2147. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12122147
Massoukou Pamba R, Poirier V, Nguema Ndoutoumou P, Epule TE. How Can Plants Help Restore Degraded Tropical Soils? Land. 2023; 12(12):2147. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12122147
Chicago/Turabian StyleMassoukou Pamba, Renaud, Vincent Poirier, Pamphile Nguema Ndoutoumou, and Terence Epule Epule. 2023. "How Can Plants Help Restore Degraded Tropical Soils?" Land 12, no. 12: 2147. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12122147