Sustainable Transportation Assessment Index (SusTAIN) Framework for Mixed-Use Neighborhoods in India
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Urban Transportation Sector in India
1.2. Sustainable Development and Transportation
1.3. Sustainable Transportation Definition
1.4. Indicator-Based Frameworks
1.5. Literature on NSA Systems, Indian Regulations, Policies, Codes of Conduct, Guidelines, Transportation Studies, and Accessibility Assessment
1.5.1. Literature on NSA Systems
1.5.2. Literature on Indian Regulations, Policies, Codes of Conduct, and Guidelines
1.5.3. Literature on Transportation Studies
1.5.4. Literature on Accessibility Assessment
2. Materials and Methods
- Phase 1: The introduction discusses the need for the transportation theme-specific assessment, definition of sustainable transport and framework, literature on NSA systems, Indian regulations, policies, transportation systems, and accessibility assessment.
- Phase 2: The sustainable transportation assessment index (SusTAIN) development method for mixed-use neighborhoods in India is, in brief, subdivided into five sub-sections:
- 2A—Selection of the study area: mixed-use neighborhood in Kalyan Dombivli city, India.
- 2B—Selection and finalization of sustainable transport indicators and sub-indicators and their benchmark values based on the literature analysis of existing NSA systems, Indian regulations, policies, codes of conduct, and guidelines at different spatial urban scales.
- 2C—Reorganization of 25 sustainable transport indicators and 81 sub-indicators into the following four subthemes: (A) accessibility, (B) mobility nodes and networks, (C) external factors associated with mobility, and (D) land-use and socioeconomic factors’ assessment.
- 2D—Assessment of indicators and sub-indicators against their benchmark values.
- 2E—Normalization, weighting, aggregation, and SusTAIN calculation.
- Phase 2: The method of the sustainable transportation assessment index (SusTAIN) for mixed-use neighborhoods is explained in detail.
2.1. Phase 2A—Selection of the Study Area: A Mixed-Use Neighborhood in Kalyan Dombivli City, India
2.2. Phase 2B: Selection and Finalization of Sustainable Transport Indicators and Sub-Indicators
2.3. Phase 2C: Reorganization of Indicators and Sub-Indicators
2.4. Phase 2D: Indicator Assessment Methodology
2.4.1. Subtheme A: Accessibility Assessment
Accessibility Assessment through Walking as a Mode of Transport from Origin to Destination
Accessibility Assessment through Public Transport as a Mode of Transport from Origin to Destinations
Limitation of Accessibility Assessment
2.4.2. Subtheme B: External Factors Associated with Mobility Assessment
2.4.3. Subtheme C: External Factors Associated with Mobility Assessment
2.4.4. Subtheme D: Land-Use and Socioeconomic Factors’ Assessment
2.5. Phase 2E: Normalization, Weighting, Aggregation, and the SusTAIN Index Calculation
2.5.1. Normalization of Indicators
2.5.2. Indicator Weighting
2.5.3. Indicator Aggregation
2.5.4. Composite Index
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Interrelationships and Interdependencies between Indicators and Sub-Indicators
3.2. Limitations and Challenges
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subthemes | Indicators (No. of Sub-Indicators) | NSA Studies (4) * | Regulations, Policies, Codes, Guidelines (69) * | Transportation and Accessibility Studies (88) * |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. Accessibility | A1. Accessibility from housing to education (0) | 8 | 21 | |
A2. Accessibility from housing to health services (0) | 6 | 16 | ||
A3. Accessibility from housing to socio-cultural and recreational facilities (0) | 1 | 5 | 16 | |
A4. Accessibility from housing to municipal services (0) | 6 | 10 | ||
A5. Accessibility from housing to employment and financial institutions (0) | 5 | 14 | ||
A6. Accessibility from housing to food and shopping (0) | 4 | 16 | ||
B. Mobility nodes and network | B1. Accessibility from housing to mobility nodes (3) | 1 | 4 | 23 |
B2. Road public transport infrastructure (4) | 1 | 20 | 6 | |
B3. Road assessment for vehicular and mixed traffic (16) | 1 | 20 | 11 | |
B4. Parking provision within the neighborhood (3) | 3 | 11 | 4 | |
B5. Walkability and pedestrian infrastructure (23) | 3 | 29 | 12 | |
B6. Bicycle infrastructure (4) | 3 | 10 | 8 | |
B7. Road network connectivity (4) | 1 | 6 | 12 | |
C. External factors associated with mobility | C1. Safety and surveillance (5) | - | 23 | 24 |
C2. Frequencies of public transport (2) | 1 | 4 | 7 | |
C3. Electronic services in transportation (0) | - | - | 1 | |
C4. Weathering condition protections (2) | - | 1 | 2 | |
C5. Fuel consumed in transportation (2) | - | 16 | 9 | |
C6. Population and dwelling density (2) | - | 4 | 10 | |
D. Land use and socioeconomic factors | D1. Urban form assessment (3) | - | 6 | 7 |
D2. Land-use assessment (3) | - | 10 | 17 | |
D3. Building floor area ratio (FAR) (0) | - | 1 | ||
D4. Open space availability per person (0) | - | 3 | 2 | |
D5. Affordability of public transport (5) | - | 14 | 13 | |
D6. Average employment per household within the neighborhood (0) | - | 2 | 7 |
Theme | Subthemes | No. of NSA Studies | No. of Regulations, Policies, Codes, Guidelines | No. of Transportation and Accessibility Studies Referred |
---|---|---|---|---|
Transportation | A. Accessibility | 1 | 10 | 37 |
B. Mobility nodes and network | 3 | 43 | 47 | |
C. External factors associated with mobility | 1 | 36 | 34 | |
D. Land-use and socioeconomic factors | - | 27 | 26 |
Neighborhood Destinations | Destination Types |
---|---|
| Day care/kindergarten |
Primary schools | |
Secondary and senior secondary schools | |
Colleges/universities | |
Coaching classes/hobby classes | |
| Pharmacy |
Specialized health facilities(dental clinic, pediatrician, and optician) | |
Hospitals and emergency services | |
| Playground |
Cinema/theater | |
Swimming pool | |
Community halls | |
| Post office |
Ward office | |
Municipal office | |
Police station | |
| Employment hub |
Financial institutions | |
| Cafés |
Restaurants | |
Glossary and other shopping |
Walking | Highest | Very High | High | Medium–High | Medium | Low | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time (min) | ≤3 | 3–5 | 5–8 | 8–10 | 10–13 | 13–15 | ≥15 | |||
Distance (m) | ≤200 | 200–400 | 400–500 | 500–600 | 600–700 | 700–800 | 800–900 | 900–1000 | 1000–1200 | ≥1200 |
Assigned Value (%) | 100 | 90 | 80 | 70 | 60 | 50 | 40 | 30 | 20 | 10 |
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Bahale, S.; Schuetze, T. Sustainable Transportation Assessment Index (SusTAIN) Framework for Mixed-Use Neighborhoods in India. Land 2024, 13, 1325. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081325
Bahale S, Schuetze T. Sustainable Transportation Assessment Index (SusTAIN) Framework for Mixed-Use Neighborhoods in India. Land. 2024; 13(8):1325. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081325
Chicago/Turabian StyleBahale, Swati, and Thorsten Schuetze. 2024. "Sustainable Transportation Assessment Index (SusTAIN) Framework for Mixed-Use Neighborhoods in India" Land 13, no. 8: 1325. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081325