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Open AccessArticle
Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Bird Species Assembly in the Coastal Wetlands of Sicily (Italy): A Multilevel Analytical Approach to Promote More Satisfactory Conservation Planning
by
Alessandro Ferrarini
Alessandro Ferrarini *,
Claudio Celada
Claudio Celada and
Marco Gustin
Marco Gustin
Lipu-BirdLife Italy, Via Pasubio 3, I-43122 Parma, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Land 2024, 13(8), 1333; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081333 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 27 July 2024
/
Revised: 18 August 2024
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Accepted: 21 August 2024
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Published: 22 August 2024
Abstract
The Sicilian wetlands (Italy) are seriously threatened by human activities and ongoing climate change. The loss of these wetlands as migratory stepping stones could severely hamper the migratory flow of many bird species along the central Mediterranean. Targeted actions for the conservation of the avifauna require thorough knowledge of the utilization that waterbirds make of these habitats. Aiming to inform planning for more satisfactory bird habitat management and bird diversity preservation along the Mediterranean migratory bird flyway, in this study, we inventoried the avian metacommunity of the coastal wetlands in Sicily during the most critical period of the year (July–September) and used a multilevel analytical framework to explore the spatiotemporal dynamics in bird species assemblages. We recorded 73 bird species, of which almost 90% were migratory and 30 belonged to Annex I of the Birds Directive. At the metacommunity level, we found that all the biodiversity metrics were low in July and approximately doubled in the successive sampling sessions (August–September), where they showed little if any change. At the community level, we detected two main clusters of wetlands with regard to species richness, of which one (wetlands Baronello, Gela, Gornalunga, and Roveto) was characterized by higher levels of species richness in nearly all the sampling dates. The pattern of species richness in the Sicilian wetlands was most similar between the first and second half of August, while July was very dissimilar from all the other sampling dates. At the guild level, we found a significant increase during July–September in the number of the species belonging to the “Mediterranean” migration guild and the “divers from the surface” and “surface feeders” foraging guilds. At the species level, we detected a significant temporal sequence of the occurrence of waterbird species: two species were only early dwellers in July, ten species were only late dwellers in September, and twenty-six species made use of the Sicilian wetlands all summer long. The spatial distribution of the waterbird species differed significantly between any pair of sampling dates. Overall, the Little Grebe, the Spotted Redshank, and the Little Tern were the bird species with the highest site infidelity; by contrast, the Black Stork, the Broad-billed Sandpiper, the European Golden Plover, the Common Shelduck, and the Black-necked Grebe changed their spatial distribution among wetlands the least during July–September. Our study allowed us to detect (1) the wetlands and (2) the waterbird species to which the priority for conservation should be assigned, as well as (3) the exact time span during July–September when conservation measures should be mandatory, and not only advisable. These results provide a broader insight of the space–time patterns in bird species assembly in the coastal wetlands of Sicily during the critical summer period.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Ferrarini, A.; Celada, C.; Gustin, M.
Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Bird Species Assembly in the Coastal Wetlands of Sicily (Italy): A Multilevel Analytical Approach to Promote More Satisfactory Conservation Planning. Land 2024, 13, 1333.
https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081333
AMA Style
Ferrarini A, Celada C, Gustin M.
Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Bird Species Assembly in the Coastal Wetlands of Sicily (Italy): A Multilevel Analytical Approach to Promote More Satisfactory Conservation Planning. Land. 2024; 13(8):1333.
https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081333
Chicago/Turabian Style
Ferrarini, Alessandro, Claudio Celada, and Marco Gustin.
2024. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Bird Species Assembly in the Coastal Wetlands of Sicily (Italy): A Multilevel Analytical Approach to Promote More Satisfactory Conservation Planning" Land 13, no. 8: 1333.
https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081333
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