Impact of China’s Permanent Basic Farmland Protection Redline and Ecological Protection Redline on Water Conservation in the Loess Gully Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data and Parameter Processing
- (1)
- Land use data: These data are obtained from the Resource and Environmental Science and Data Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and encompass 6 first-level types and 25 second-level types, with an overall accuracy of more than 90%. For simplification, some second-level types with smaller areas were merged into first-level types to form a final total of 6 first-level types and 16 second-level types. These specific types are as follows: cultivated land, which includes paddy fields (PF) and dry land (DL); forest land, which includes woodland (WL), shrub land (SHL), sparse woodland (SWL), and other woodland (OWL); grassland, which includes high-coverage grassland (HCG), medium-coverage grassland (MCG), and low-coverage grassland (LCG); water areas, which include rivers and ditches (RD), lakes (LK), reservoirs and ponds (RP), and floodplains (FLP); construction land, which includes urban construction land (UCL) and rural residential land (RRL); and unused land (UNL).
- (2)
- Driving factor data: There are two topographic factors, namely dem and slope; three climate factors, namely annual precipitation, annual potential evapotranspiration, and annual average temperature; and eight socioeconomic factors, namely population, GDP, and the Euclidean distance to railways, highways, provincial roads, county roads, township roads, and county governments. The location data for county government offices were obtained using the reverse geocoding tool from Baidu Maps.
- (3)
- Spatial control data: This involves the permanent basic farmland protection redline (PBFPR), the ecological protection redline (EPR), as well as the urban development boundary (UDB).
2.3. Research Method
2.3.1. The PLUS Model and Scenario Design
- Land expansion strategy analysis
- 2.
- Land demand prediction
- 3.
- Land use simulation
- 4.
- Scenario design
2.3.2. The InVEST Water Yield Model and Water Conservation
- InVEST water yield model
- 2.
- Water conservation model
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Land Use under Multiple Scenarios
3.1.1. Characteristics of Land Use Change from 2010 to 2035
3.1.2. Characteristics of Land Use Transfer
3.2. Analysis of Water Yield and Water Conservation under Multiple Scenarios
3.2.1. Spatial Distribution of Water Yield and Water Conservation
3.2.2. Water Yield Impact Analysis
3.2.3. Water Conservation Impact Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Discussion of the Impact of the PBFPR and EPR on Water Conservation
4.2. Policy Optimization Suggestions for the Loess Gully Region
4.3. Limitations and Future Work Suggestions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data | Spatial Resolution | Year | Data Resource |
---|---|---|---|
Land Use | 30 m | 2010, 2015, 2020 | https://www.resdc.cn/ (accessed on 17 January 2024) |
Dem | 30 m | 2019 | http://www.gscloud.cn/ (accessed on 16 January 2024) |
Slope | 30 m | 2019 | http://www.gscloud.cn/ (accessed on 16 January 2024) |
Annual Precipitation | 1000 m | 2020 | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/ (accessed on 26 January 2024) |
Annual Evapotranspiration | 1000 m | 2020 | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/ (accessed on 26 January 2024) |
Annual Mean Temperature | 1000 m | 2020 | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/ (accessed on 26 January 2024) |
Population | - | 2020 | Yan’an Statistical Yearbook |
GDP | - | 2020 | Yan’an Statistical Yearbook |
Distance from Roads of Various Levels | - | 2020 | https://www.resdc.cn/ (accessed on 26 January 2024) |
PBFPR | - | - | Yan’an Municipal Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives through to the Year 2035 |
EPR | - | - | Yan’an Municipal Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives through to the Year 2035 |
Data | Spatial Resolution | Year | Data Resource |
---|---|---|---|
Average Annual Precipitation | 1000 m | 2006–2022 | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/ (accessed on 26 January 2024) |
Average Annual Evapotranspiration | 1000 m | 2006–2022 | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/ (accessed on 26 January 2024) |
Root-restricting Layer Depth | 1000 m | 2020 | [39] |
Plant-available Water Content | 250 m | 2017 | https://data.isric.org/ (accessed on 7 February 2024) |
Biophysical Table | - | - | [40,41] |
Flow Velocity Coefficient | - | - | [42,43] |
Soil Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity | 250 m | 2020 | https://www.futurewater.eu/projects/hihydrosoil/ (accessed on 06 March January) |
Scenario | Restricted Zones | Development Zones |
---|---|---|
NDS | Water | Areas controlled by the UDB |
FPS | Water, areas controlled by the PBFPR | |
EPS | Water, areas controlled by the EPR |
Year | Volume (×108 m3) | ||
---|---|---|---|
NDS | FPS | EPS | |
2020 | 13.83404 | 13.83404 | 13.83404 |
2025 | 13.92042 | 13.91935 | 13.92007 |
2030 | 14.00243 | 13.99798 | 14.00096 |
2035 | 14.04349 | 14.04342 | 14.04881 |
Year | Average Depth (mm) | ||
---|---|---|---|
NDS | FPS | EPS | |
2020 | 6.18275 | 6.18275 | 6.18275 |
2025 | 6.21091 | 6.21035 | 6.21157 |
2030 | 6.23698 | 6.23453 | 6.23678 |
2035 | 6.25153 | 6.24800 | 6.25113 |
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Liu, J.; Zhou, J.; He, Q. Impact of China’s Permanent Basic Farmland Protection Redline and Ecological Protection Redline on Water Conservation in the Loess Gully Region. Land 2024, 13, 1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091424
Liu J, Zhou J, He Q. Impact of China’s Permanent Basic Farmland Protection Redline and Ecological Protection Redline on Water Conservation in the Loess Gully Region. Land. 2024; 13(9):1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091424
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Jie, Jizhe Zhou, and Qin He. 2024. "Impact of China’s Permanent Basic Farmland Protection Redline and Ecological Protection Redline on Water Conservation in the Loess Gully Region" Land 13, no. 9: 1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091424