Abstract
The main focus of this article is to derive some new counterparts to Simpson’s and Newton’s type inequalities involve a class of generalized coordinated convex mappings. This class contains several new and known classes of convexity as special cases. For further demonstration, we deploy the concept of right quantum derivatives to develop two new identities involving Raina’s function. Moreover, by implementing these auxiliary results together with generalized convexity, we acquire a Holder-type inequality. We also acquire some applications of our main findings by making use of suitable substitutions in Raina’s function.
MSC:
05A30; 26A51; 26D07; 26D10; 26D15
1. Introduction
Thomas Simpson, a pioneering mathematician from 1710–1761, made significant contributions to the field of numerical integration and the estimation of definite integrals, specifically through the development of Simpson’s rule. A comparable approximation was employed by Kepler nearly a century earlier, leading to its alternate designation as Kepler’s rule. Simpson’s rule encompasses the three-point Newton–Cotes quadrature rule, giving rise to estimations that rely on a three-step quadratic kernel, which is occasionally referred to as Newton-type results.
(1) Simpson’s quadrature formula (Simpson’s 1/3 rule) is expressed as follows:
(1) Simpson’s second formula, or the Newton–Cotes quadrature formula (Simpson’s 3/8 rule), is expressed as follows:
A large variety of methods and techniques for estimations with these quadrature rules are available. One of them is Simpson’s inequality, which can be stated in the following way:
Theorem 1.
Suppose that is a four times continuously differentiable mapping on and let Then, one has the inequality
The work of numerous mathematicians has been dedicated to the advancement of Simpson- and Newton-type results for convex functions. The theory of convexity has been instrumental in addressing various problems. Such a domain involves studying numerical integration quadrature formulas, where novel Simpson’s inequalities and their far-reaching applications have been propounded by Dragomir et al. [1]. Furthermore, Alomari et al. [2] developed some new inequalities of Simpson-type s-convex functions. The classical concept of convexity also has a close connection with the concept of symmetry. In the literature, there exist numerous properties of symmetric convex sets. One fascinating aspect of this relationship is that we work on one and apply it to the other.
Mathematicians were inspired by Euler’s groundbreaking work to establish a vital connection between physics and mathematics, paving the way for the development of quantum computing, quantum calculus, and quantitative computer mathematics. The impact of these innovations is wide-ranging, with implications for numerous mathematical disciplines such as combinatorics, number theory, polynomial orthogonal, and fundamental hypergeometric functions, as well as other scientific fields including mechanics, relativity theory, and quantum theory [3,4]. Quantum calculus leverages quantum information theory to address diverse applications spanning the domains of computer science, information theory, philosophy, and cryptography, thereby constituting a compelling interdisciplinary domain [5,6]. Subsequently, Jackson introduced q-calculus, which did not rely on limit calculus [7,8]. In 2013 the difference operator and integral were presented by Jessada Tariboon and Sotiris Ntouyas et al. [9]. After that, the expression of for the derivative and the -integral were established by Bermudo et al. [10] in 2020. Sadjang et al. [11] generalized quantum calculus and post-quantum calculus and introduced new notions. Tunç and Göv introduced the post-quantum variant of the difference operator and integral in [12]. The authors of [13] used the derivatives and integrals in the proof of Hermite–Hadamard integral inequalities and left-right estimates for the coordinated convex and convex functions of these inequalities. The generalization of the results in [14] and the work on the proof of Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities with the left estimates using a difference operator and integral was carried out by Kunt et al. In [15] Noor has given quantum estimates for Hermite-Hadamard inequalities. Nwaeze et al. [16] proved some satisfying parameterized quantum integral inequalities for generalized qūasi-convex functions. The quantum Hermite–Hadamard inequality was proven by Khan et al. by using a green function [17]. In [18,19,20,21] authors have introduced the new quantum Simpson- and quantum Newton-type inequalities for convex and coordinated convex functions, respectively. The authors of [22,23,24,25,26] studied quantum Ostrowski inequalities for convex and coordinated convex functions. The notions of a difference operator and -integral were employed by Latif and Chu in establishing their right estimates of Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities [27]. These inequalities were used to prove Ostrowski’s inequalities. For further interesting advancements in this field, see [28,29,30,31,32,33]. However, in [34] Latif gave q-analogues of Hermite-Hadamard inequality of functions of two variables on finite rectangles in the plane. In [35] Vivas-Cortez, introduced new quantum estimates of Trapezium-Type Inequalities for Generalized -Convex Functions.
Motivated by the above-mentioned works [20,35], in this study, we develop two new identities to obtain fresh error bounds for Simpson’s one-third rule and Simpson’s three-eighths rule named the Newton’s rule, by coupling with the quantum integration convexity property of the functions over a rectangular domain. Our work presents a novel contribution by successfully integrating various existing and new findings from the literature, resulting in a significant unification of knowledge.
The rest of this study is structured as follows. Section 2 provides a concise overview of the history and applications of quantum calculus. Section 3 furnishes an abridged explanation of the terminologies and concepts underlying quantum calculus, as well as the relevant inequalities. Section 4 formulates the coordinated version of right quantum integral identities. Section 5 outlines the key findings, comprising coordinated versions of right quantum Simpson- and right quantum Newton-type inequalities, as well as related outcomes that were unearthed through appropriate fabrication. Section 6 presents the concluding remarks and highlights of this innovative research.
2. Quantum Calculus Preliminaries
In this section, we present some basic definitions and inequalities.
Definition 1
([35]). Let and ķ be a bounded sequence of positive real numbers. A nonempty set Δ to be generalized convex if
Here, is Raina’s function, which is as follows:
where and is the well-known gamma function. For further details, see [36].
Definition 2
([35]). Let and ķ be a bounded sequence of positive real numbers. A function is said to be generalized convex if
Definition 3
([37]). For μ, and σ = , this is assumed to be a bounded sequence of . A nonempty set is known to be a coordinated generalized convex set
which holds for all , while Δ and denotes Raina’s function.
Definition 4
([37]). For μ, and σ = , this is assumed to be a bounded sequence of . A mapping is said to be coordinated generalized convex if
holds for all and
Definition 5.
In [8], F. H. Jackson gave the q-Jackson integral from 0 to for as
provided that the sum converges absolutely. Moreover, he gave the q-Jackson integral in an arbitrary interval as follows:
Definition 6
([9]). For a continuous function the left quantum derivative of ϝ at is as characterized below:
For , we state that if it exists and is finite.
Definition 7
([10]). For a continuous function the right quantum derivative of ϝ at is characterized by the expression
For , we state that if it exists and is finite.
Definition 8
([9]). Let be a continuous function. The left definite quantum integral on is defined as
On the other hand, S. Bermudo et al. [10] gave the following new definition:
Definition 9.
Let be a continuous function. The right definite quantum on is defined as
For more details about integrals and the corresponding inequalities, see [10].
Now, let us give the following notation, which will be used many times in the later sections (see [4]):
Moreover, for our main results, we give the lemma
Lemma 1
([9]). We have the equality
for
In [26], H. Budak et al. proved the following variant of the quantum Ostrowski inequality using the and integrals:
Theorem 2
([26]). Let be a function and and be two continuous and integrable functions on If and for all then we have the following quantum Ostrowski-type inequality for all :
where
In [38], H. Budak et al. gave the following definitions for the , , , and integrals and the related inequalities of the quantum Hermite–Hadamard type:
Definition 10
([34,38]). Suppose that × is a continuous function. Then, the following , , and integrals on are defined by
and
for
Definition 11
([34]). Let be a continuous function of two variables. The partial derivatives, derivatives, and derivatives at can be defined as
For clarity, we adopted the following notations to facilitate comprehension of this paper:
3. Identities
In this section, we prove two identities with the right quantum integral which are useful for the formulation of quantum Simpson- and quantum Newton-type inequalities.
Lemma 2.
Let be a twice partially -differentiable function on such that is continuous and integrable. Then, we have the following identity:
where
Proof.
By using the basic properties of the q integral and definitions and , we have
By using Definition 9 for the right quantum integrals, the quantum integral becomes
Now, solving the quantum integrals involved in by using Definition 7 yields
By using similar arguments, we have
By putting the values from Equations (18) and (19) into , we have
Similarly, is evaluated as
Solving the quantum integrals in yields
In addition, we have
Using (20)–(22) we obtain
By using integrals in Equation (17) and multiplying on both sides, and after some simplification, we obtain the required result. □
Remark 1.
If we set , ( and in Lemma 2, then we have an identity:
where
Lemma 3.
Let be a twice partially -differentiable function on × such that the partial derivative
is continuous and integrable on × where and Then, the following identity holds:
where
Proof.
Through the fundamental properties of q integrals and , we obtain that
By following the arguments similar to those which were used in the proof of Lemma 2 and multiplying with on both sides, we have the required identity. □
Remark 2.
If we replace , and in Lemma 3, then we have
4. Main Results
Within this section, we present fresh inequalities of the Simpson and Newton types for generalized coordinated convex functions by utilizing Lemmas 2 and 3, respectively. We shall commence this segment by introducing certain concepts that will be useful in verifying our outcomes:
4.1. Simpson-Type Inequalities
Theorem 3.
We assume that the conditions of Lemma 2 hold. If is a and integrable on Δ, then the following inequality holds for the right quantum integrals:
Proof.
By taking the modulus on the right side of the inequality in Lemma 2 and using the properties of the modulus along with the definition of pre-invex, we have the inequality
Using the definitions of and , the integral on the right side of Equation (35) yields
Multiplying on both sides and some simple shuffling gives the required result. □
Corollary 1.
If we have then Theorem 3 gives us the following quantum Simpson-type inequality:
Remark 3.
If we replace , and in Theorem 3, then we have the identity
Remark 4.
If we replace , and in Theorem 3 along with then we have the identity
Theorem 4.
We assume that the conditions of Lemma 2 hold. If is a and integrable on Δ, where and then we have the following inequality:
where and .
Proof.
From the integrals on the right side of Equation (35), and by applying the well-known quantum Hölders integral inequality, it is found that
By applying the technique of Lemma 1 when to the above integrals, we have the following results:
By using all these values in Equation (37), we find the required result. □
Corollary 2.
By replacing , and in Theorem 4, we obtain the following inequality:
Theorem 5.
We assume that the conditions of Lemma 2 hold. If is generalized convex and an integrable function on Δ, where , then
where , , and , and are given in Equations (25)–(30).
Proof.
By applying the power mean inequality for integrals on the right side of Equation (35) (used in the proof of Theorem 3) along with definition of preinvexity of we have
□
Corollary 3.
If we take the limit in Theorem 5, then we have the following inequality:
Remark 5.
By replacing (, and in Theorem 5, we have the following inequality:
4.2. Newton-Type Inequalities
Theorem 6.
It is assumed that the assumptions of Lemma 3 hold. If is a and integrable on Δ, then the following inequality holds for the right quantum integrals:
where , , and , and are from Equations (25)–(30).
Proof.
Following the same arguments used in the proof of Theorem 3, and by using Lemma 3, we have the required inequality in Equation (43). □
Remark 6.
If we replace and in Theorem 6, then we have the following inequality:
Corollary 4.
If we replace and ( along with the limits in Theorem 6, then we have the following inequality:
Theorem 7.
We assume that the conditions of Lemma 3 hold. If is a and integrable on Δ, where and , then we have the following inequality:
For we have
where
Theorem 8.
We assume that the conditions of Lemma 3 hold. If , where and , is a and integrable on Δ, then we have the following inequality:
where for we have
Proof.
Following the same arguments used in proof of Theorem 6, and by using Lemma 3, we have the required inequality (Equation (44)). □
5. Applications
In this section, we discuss some applications of our main findings.
5.1. Applications to Hypergeometric Functions
Now, we derive some more inequalities pertaining to hypergeometric functions and Mittag–Leffler functions.
For Equation (1), if we set , and ķ for ķ= 0, 1, 2, 3, …, where , , and are parameters that may be real or complex values, provided that and is defined as
and restrict the domain to , then we find the following classical hypergeometric functions [30,32]:
Using these substitutions and the assumption in our Riana functions will transform them into hypergeometric functions, and thus Equation (15) will be replaced by follows:
Therefore, our Theorem 3 can be changed as follows:
Theorem 9.
We assume that the conditions of Lemma 2 hold. If is a generalized convex function and integrable on Δ, then the following inequality holds for the right quantum integrals:
Similarly, one can find all inequalities of Section 4.1 and Section 4.2 involving a hypergeometric function.
5.2. Applications to Mittag–Leffler Functions
Furthermore, by considering , and with in Equation (1), we arrive at the widely recognized Mittag–Leffler function:
Therefore, Theorem 3 can be changed as follows:
Theorem 10.
We assume that the conditions of Lemma 2 hold. If is a and integrable on Δ, then the following inequality holds for the right quantum integrals:
Similarly, one can find all inequalities of Section 4.1 and Section 4.2 involving Mittag–Leffler Functions.
Applications to Bounded Functions
We assume that the given conditions hold true:
In addition, where is a function that is twice differentiable and bounded by the positive real number M.
Proposition 1.
Under the conditions of Theorem 3, we have
6. Conclusions
The theory of inequalities has flourished at a fast rate in recent years due to its diverse range of applications. Undoubtedly, convexity and its general representation are the main tools for developing fundamental inequalities. Numerous inequalities involving convex functions have been retained in the literature. Various generalizations of Simpson-type inequalities have been proposed in the literature through quantum calculus, fractional calculus, and post-quantum calculus. To summarize, our work has established quantum integral identities and introduced new inequalities of the Simpson and Newton types for coordinated generalized convex functions in the context of right quantum integrals. By performing appropriate substitutions of and using the limit , where , we also obtained additional results. These coordinated formulations of novel and intriguing problems can prove useful for future research on identifying analogous inequalities for diverse forms of generalized convexity, which have numerous applications in various mathematical fields. In the future, we will develop some new variants of integral inequalities involving new generalizations of quantum calculus, fractional calculus, and fractional quantum calculus involving different kinds of convexity. We hope that this paper will open a new arena for research.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, M.V.-C., G.M., G.M.B. and M.U.A.; methodology, M.V.-C., G.M., G.M.B. and M.U.A.; software, G.M.B.; validation, G.M., G.M.B. and M.U.A.; formal analysis, M.V.-C., G.M., G.M.B. and M.U.A.; investigation, M.V.-C., G.M., G.M.B. and M.U.A.; writing—original draft preparation, M.V.-C., G.M., G.M.B. and M.U.A.; writing—review and editing, G.M., G.M.B. and M.U.A.; supervision, G.M. and M.U.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research is supported by Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Proyect Título: “Algunos resultados Cualitativos sobre Ecuaciones diferenciales fraccionales y desigualdades integrales” Cod UIO2022.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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