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Article

In Vivo Evaluation of the Anti-Schistosomal Potential of Ginger-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles on Schistosoma mansoni: Histopathological, Ultrastructural, and Immunological Changes

by
Mona M. El-Derbawy
1,
Hala S. Salem
1,
Mona Raboo
1,
Ibrahim R. Baiuomy
2,
Sana A. Fadil
3,
Haifa A. Fadil
4,
Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim
5,6,* and
Walaa A. El Kholy
1
1
Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt
2
Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza 12411, Egypt
3
Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarah 30078, Saudi Arabia
5
Preparatory Year Program, Department of Chemistry, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Life 2022, 12(11), 1834; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111834
Submission received: 29 September 2022 / Revised: 3 November 2022 / Accepted: 5 November 2022 / Published: 9 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Career Stars in Physiology and Pathology)
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Abstract

Chemotherapy is the most widely advocated method of Schistosome control. However, repeated chemotherapy leads to the emergence of drug-resistant Schistosoma strains. Therefore, efforts to find alternative drugs, especially those of natural origin, have risen globally. Nanoparticles (NPs) have received special interest as efficient drug delivery systems. This work aimed to investigate the anti-schistosomal potential of Zingiber officinale (ginger, Zingiberaceae)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (GCsNPs) on Schistosoma mansoni experimentally infected mice that were exposed to 80 ± 10 cercariae/mouse. The study groups are: (G1) negative control; (G2) positive control; (G3) praziquantel in a dose of 500 mg/kg/day for two consecutive days; (G4) ginger in a dose of 500 mg/kg treated; (G5) chitosan nanoparticles in a dose 3 mg/kg (G6) GCsNPs in a dose 250 mg/kg; and (G7) GCsNPs in a dose 500 mg/kg. The anti-schistosome potential was assessed using histopathological scanning electron microscopically and immunological parameters. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in cellular granuloma count (p < 0.05) and granuloma diameter (p < 0.001) in all infected treated mice groups, in comparison to the infected non-treated group with the highest reduction in both G3 and G7. SEM of S. mansoni adult worm recovered from G3 showed mild edema of oral and ventral suckers with some peeling and blebs around them, while that recovered from G7 showed abnormal oedematous oral and retracted ventral sucker, edema of the tegument, rupture of many tubercles with vacuolation and complete loss of spines. All infected treated mice groups, in comparison to positive control G2, showed a significant reduction in IL-4, IL-10, and TNF-α levels (p-value < 0.001), especially groups G6 and G7 (p-value < 0.05); both G6 and G7 values were nearer to the normal that indicated recovery of the liver tissue.
Keywords: Schistosoma mansoni; ginger; Zingiberaceae; praziquantel; anti-schistosomal; chitosan nanoparticles Schistosoma mansoni; ginger; Zingiberaceae; praziquantel; anti-schistosomal; chitosan nanoparticles

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MDPI and ACS Style

El-Derbawy, M.M.; Salem, H.S.; Raboo, M.; Baiuomy, I.R.; Fadil, S.A.; Fadil, H.A.; Ibrahim, S.R.M.; El Kholy, W.A. In Vivo Evaluation of the Anti-Schistosomal Potential of Ginger-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles on Schistosoma mansoni: Histopathological, Ultrastructural, and Immunological Changes. Life 2022, 12, 1834. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111834

AMA Style

El-Derbawy MM, Salem HS, Raboo M, Baiuomy IR, Fadil SA, Fadil HA, Ibrahim SRM, El Kholy WA. In Vivo Evaluation of the Anti-Schistosomal Potential of Ginger-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles on Schistosoma mansoni: Histopathological, Ultrastructural, and Immunological Changes. Life. 2022; 12(11):1834. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111834

Chicago/Turabian Style

El-Derbawy, Mona M., Hala S. Salem, Mona Raboo, Ibrahim R. Baiuomy, Sana A. Fadil, Haifa A. Fadil, Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim, and Walaa A. El Kholy. 2022. "In Vivo Evaluation of the Anti-Schistosomal Potential of Ginger-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles on Schistosoma mansoni: Histopathological, Ultrastructural, and Immunological Changes" Life 12, no. 11: 1834. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111834

APA Style

El-Derbawy, M. M., Salem, H. S., Raboo, M., Baiuomy, I. R., Fadil, S. A., Fadil, H. A., Ibrahim, S. R. M., & El Kholy, W. A. (2022). In Vivo Evaluation of the Anti-Schistosomal Potential of Ginger-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles on Schistosoma mansoni: Histopathological, Ultrastructural, and Immunological Changes. Life, 12(11), 1834. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111834

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