A Review of Medicinal Plants with Renoprotective Activity in Diabetic Nephropathy Animal Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Sources and Search Strategy
3. Diabetic Nephropathy
4. Animal Model of DN
4.1. DN Animal Model Induced by Streptozotocin
4.2. DN Animal Model Induced by Alloxan
4.3. DN Animal Model Induced by High Fat Diets (HFDs)
4.4. Specific Genetic Rodent Models
5. Bioactive Phytochemicals for DN
5.1. Alkaloids
5.1.1. Berberine
5.1.2. Magnoflorine
5.1.3. Oxymatrine
5.1.4. Trigonelline
5.2. Phenolics
5.2.1. Resveratrol
5.2.2. Gallic Acid
5.2.3. Syringaresinol
5.2.4. Mangiferin
5.3. Flavonoids
5.3.1. Hesperetin
5.3.2. Luteolin
5.3.3. Catechin
5.3.4. Genistein
5.3.5. Quercetin
5.3.6. Kaempferol
5.4. Terpenoids
5.4.1. Andrographolide
5.4.2. Astragaloside
5.4.3. Lupeol
5.4.4. Ursolic Acid
5.5. Miscellaneous Compounds
5.5.1. Allicin
5.5.2. 4-Hidroxyisoleucine
6. Renoprotective Mechanisms of Medicinal Plants
6.1. Reduction in Oxidative Stress
Plant Name | Extract Form | Animal, Induction | Extract Dose/Day | Duration | Observed Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cornus officinalis | Water extract of the fruits | C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice | 500 mg/10 mL/kg | 56 days | ↑ Renal SOD ↓ Renal XO, CAT, GST, eNOS | [140] |
Salvia miltiorrhiza | Water extract of the roots | Sprague–Dawley rats, STZ | 500 mg/kg | 56 days | ↓ 24-h urine protein ↓ BUN ↓ TGF-β1, collagen IV, ED-1, and RAGE | [141] |
Angelica Acutiloba | Hydroalcoholic extract of the roots | Wistar rats, STZ | 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg | 56 days | ↓ Plasma glucose ↓ Serum and renal creatinine ↓ Urine volume ↓ Renal AGEs ↓ Mitochondrial TBARS | [142] |
Trigonella foenum graecum | Water extract of the Seeds | Sprague–Dawley rats, sucrose enriched diets and STZ | 400 mg/kg, 870 mg/kg, 1740 mg/kg | 42 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ BUN ↓ Serum creatinine ↓ urinary protein ↓ 8-OHdG ↓ Renal damage ↑ Serum and renal SOD, CAT ↓ Serum and renal MDA | [121] |
Smallanthus sonchifolius | Water extract of the leaves | Wistar rats, STZ | 70 mg/kg | 28 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Urine volume ↓ Creatinine clearance ↓ Renal damage ↓ TGF-β1 | [143] |
Cornus officinalis SIEB. et Zucc. | Ethanolic extract of the fruits (Corni Fructus) | Wistar rats, STZ | 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg | 40 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Urinary protein ↓ Serum albumin ↓ BUN ↓ Serum creatinine ↑ Renal CAT, SOD, GPx ↑ PPARγ expression ↓ Renal damage | [144] |
Portulaca oleracea | Water extract of the aerial parts | C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice | 300 mg/kg | 70 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Plasma creatinine ↓ Urine volume ↓ Renal TGF-β1, AGEs ↓ ICAM-1 expression ↓ NF-κB p65 activation | [145] |
Liriope spicata var. prolifera | Aqueous–ethanol extract of the tuberous roots | Wistar rats, STZ | 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg | 56 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Urine volume ↓ BUN ↓ Serum creatinine ↑ Creatinine clearance ↓ Renal damage ↓ TNF-α and IL-1β ↓ ICAM-1, MCP-1, fibronectin ↑ IκBα ↓ NF-κB | [146] |
Zingiber zerumbet | Ethanolic extract | Wistar rats, STZ | 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg | 56 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ BUN, serum creatinine ↓ Urine volume, proteinuria ↑ Renal nephrin and podocin ↑ pAMPK/AMPK ratio | [147] |
Passiflora ligularis Juss. | Aqueous extract of the fruit pulp | Wistar rats, STZ | 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg | 30 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↑ Renal protein ↓ Serum creatinine ↓ Serum urea ↑ Renal SOD, CAT, GSH | [122] |
Tetrapleura tetraptera | Methanol extract of the leaves | Wistar rats, alloxan | 50 mg/kg | 7 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum urea and creatinine ↓ MDA ↑ Renal SOD, CAT, GSH | [123] |
Azadirachta indica | Chloroform extract of the aerial parts | Wistar rats, STZ | 200 mg/kg | 30 days | ↓ Renal TBARS, AGEs ↓ Methylglyoxal and glycolaldehyde | [148] |
Abroma augusta | Methanol extract of the leaves | Wistar rats, STZ-nicotinamide | 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg | 28 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Renal ROS production, and TBARS ↑ Renal GSH, CAT, SOD, GST, GPx, G6PD and GR ↓ Renal NF-κB and PKC isoforms ↑ Bcl-2 ↓ Renal Bax, caspase 3, and caspase 9 ↓ Renal IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α ↓ Renal damage | [149] |
Fragaria x ananassa | Aqueous extract of the leaves | Wistar rats, STZ | 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg | 30 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↑ Plasma albumin and uric acid ↓ Urea nitrogen, creatinine, and Kim-1 ↓ Renal MDA ↑ Renal CAT and SOD ↓ Renal TNF-α and IL-6 ↓ Caspase-3 ↑ VEGF-A | [150] |
Quercus brantii | Aqueous extract of the seeds | Wistar rats, STZ | 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg | 21 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum creatinine and urea ↓ Renal MDA and GR ↑ Renal GSH, GST, CAT, GPx, SOD | [125] |
Cyclocarya paliurus | Aqueous extract of the leaves | Wistar rats, HFD-STZ | 47 mg/kg, 94 mg/kg | 56 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum creatinine and BUN ↓ Serum IL-6 ↓ Renal index ↑ Renal CAT, GPx, SOD ↓ MDA ↓ Renal damage | [126] |
Ficus recemosa | Ethanolic extract of the stem barks | Wistar rats, STZ | 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg | 56 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum creatinine and BUN ↑ Serum albumin ↓ Renal MDA ↑ Renal GSH, SOD ↓ Renal damage | [127] |
Punica granatum | Methanol extract of the leaves | Wistar rats, STZ | 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg | 56 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum creatinine and BUN ↑ Serum albumin ↓ Serum AGE ↓ Renal MDA ↑ Renal GSH, SOD, and CAT ↓ Renal damage | [151] |
Diplotaxis simplex | Ethanolic extract of the flowers | Wistar rats, alloxan | 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg | 30 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Renal TBARS ↑ Renal SOD, CAT and GPx ↓ Serum urea and creatinine ↓ Renal damage | [128] |
Syzygium mundagam | Methanolic extract of the barks | Wistar rats, STZ-nicotinamide | 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg | 28 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum urea ↓ Renal damage ↓ GR ↑ Renal SOD, CAT, GSH, GST | [129] |
Paederia foetida | Methanolic extract of the leaves | Wistar rats, alloxan | 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg | 28 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum creatinine, BUN, TGF-β1 ↑ Creatinine clearance, albumin ↓ Renal MDA ↑ Renal GSH, SOD, and CAT ↓TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, NF-kB p65 ↓ Renal damage | [152] |
Lycium chinense | Ethanolic extract of the leaves | Sprague–Dawley rats, STZ | 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg | 40 days | ↓ Renal MDA ↓ Serum creatinine, albumin, BUN, TGF-β1 ↑ Renal GSH, SOD, and CAT ↑ Creatinine clearance ↓ IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 ↓ Renal damage | [153] |
Anogeissus acuminata | Methanol extract of the leaves | Wistar rats, STZ | 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg | 56 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum MDA ↑ Serum CAT and GSH ↓ Urinary protein, serum creatinine, BUN | [130] |
Cassia auriculata | Ethanolic extract of the buds and flowers | Wistar rats, HFD-STZ | 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg | 21 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum creatinine and urea ↓ Renal MDA ↑ Renal SOD, GPx, and GSH ↓ Renal damage | [131] |
Zingiber officinale | Hydroethanolic (80%) extract of the rhizomes | Wistar rats, STZ | 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg | 42 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Renal MDA ↑ Renal SOD, CAT, and GSH ↓ Serum creatinine, urea, and BUN ↓ Urine albumin ↓ Renal damage ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 ↓ Cytochrome c and caspase-3 | [154] |
Allium cepa | Hydroethanolic (80%) extract of the bulbs | Wistar rats, STZ | 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg | 28 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum uric acid, urea, AGEs ↓ Renal damage ↓ TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-10, collagen 1 | [155] |
Acaciella angustissima | Methanol extract of the pods | Wistar rats, STZ | 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg | 28 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Urea, creatinine clearance, protein ↓ Renal TBARS | [124] |
Cassia obtusifolia | Hydroethanolic extract of the seeds | Wistar rats, STZ | 27 mg/kg, 54 mg/kg, 81 mg/kg | 60 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α ↓ Serum MDA ↑ Serum SOD, CAT and GPx ↓ Urine protein, serum creatinine, and BUN ↓ Renal RAGE expression ↓ Renal damage | [156] |
Coriandrum sativum | Petroleum ether extract of the seeds | Wistar rats, STZ-nicotinamide | 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg | 45 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Urea, creatinine, BUN, and uric acid ↑ Creatinine clearance ↑ Renal SOD, GSH ↓ Renal MDA ↓ Renal AGEs ↓ Renal damage | [16] |
Nerium oleander | Ethanolic extract of the stems and roots | Swiss albino mice, alloxan | 200 mg/kg | 20 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum creatinine, BUN, and uric acid ↑ Serum albumin ↑ Renal CAT, peroxidase ↓ Renal MDA | [132] |
Nelumbo nucifera | Aqueous extract of the leaves | Sprague–Dawley rats, HFD-STZ | 0.5% and 1% (w/w) | 42 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum creatinine and BUN ↓ Renal damage ↓ Renal 8-OHdG and TBARS ↑ Renal SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH | [119] |
Artemisia absinthium | Ethanolic (70%) extract of the aerial parts | Wistar rats, STZ | 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg | 60 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum urea and creatinine ↑ Serum albumin ↑ Renal SOD ↓ Renal MDA ↓Renal TLR4, S100A4, and Bax genes expression ↑ Renal Bcl-2 gene expressions | [157] |
Scrophularia striata | Ethanolic (70%) extract of the aerial parts | Wistar rats, STZ | 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg | 60 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum urea and creatinine ↑ Serum albumin ↑ Renal SOD ↓ Renal MDA ↓ Renal RAGE and S100A8 gene expressions ↓ Renal damage | [158] |
Gongronema latifolium | Aqueous extract of the leaves | Wistar rats, alloxan | 6.36 mg/kg, 12.72 mg/kg, and 25.44 mg/kg | 13 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum uric acid, urea, creatinine, and BUN ↑ Renal SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, GST ↓ Renal MDA ↓ IL-2 and IL-6 | [159] |
Ficus religiosa | Hydroethanolic extract of the aerial parts | Wistar rats, STZ-nicotinamide | 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg | 45 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum creatinine, BUN, urea, and uric acid ↓ Renal TBARS ↑ Renal SOD, CAT, GSH ↓ Renal damage | [133] |
Phyllanthus fraternus | Methanol extract of the aerial parts | Wistar rats, alloxan | 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg | 14 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum urea and creatinine ↓ Renal TBARS ↑ Renal GSH ↓ Renal damage | [134] |
Croton hookeri | Methanol extract of the leaves | Sprague–Dawley, STZ | 200 mg/kg | 14 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum creatinine and BUN ↑ Renal damage ↓ Microalbumin ↓ KIM-1, NGAL, PKM2, SBP-1 ↓ Renal AGEs ↓ ROS, Renal MDA, and 8-OHdG ↑ Renal GSH, SOD, and CAT ↓ Renal IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β1 | [160] |
Thymelaea hirsuta | Aqueous extract of the aerial parts | Wistar rats, STZ | 200 mg/kg | 28 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Urinary volume, glycosuria, and creatinine ↓ Tubulointerstitial renal collagen | [161] |
Anchomanes difformis | Aqueous extract of the leaves | Wistar rats, fructose-STZ | 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg | 42 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum urea ↑ Renal CAT, SOD ↓ Renal IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18 and TNF-α ↓ Renal NF-kB/p65 expression ↑ Renal Nrf2 expression ↑ Renal Bcl2 and caspase 3 ↓ Renal damage | [15] |
Allium jesdianum | Ethanolic extract of the rhizomes | Wistar rats, STZ | 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg | 42 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Serum urea and creatinine ↑ Albumin ↓ Renal MDA ↑ Renal SOD ↓ CTGF and RAGE | [162] |
Lagerstroemia speciosa | Extract of the leaves | Wistar rats, HFD-STZ | 400 mg/kg | 40 days | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Kidney hypertrophy ↓ BUN ↓ Serum creatinine ↓ MDA ↑ GSH ↓ TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β ↓ AGEs and RAGE mRNA | [163] |
Trifolium alexandrinum | Methanol extract of the aerial part | Wistar rats, HFD-STZ | 200 mg/kg | 35 days | ↓ Serum urea, creatinine, BUN ↓ Urine volume, proteinuria ↓ TBARS ↑ Renal GSH, CAT ↓ TGF-β, TNF-α, and IL-6 ↓ GSK-3β ↓ Renal damage | [164] |
Etlingera elatior | Aqueous extract of the flower | Sprague–Dawley rats HFD-STZ | 1000 mg/kg | 42 days | ↓ Blood glucose, microalbuminuria, creatinine, BUN ↓ Plasma MDA ↑ Plasma SOD, CAT, GSH, T-AOC ↓ IL-6, TGF-β, CTGF ↓ Renal damage | [135] |
Centaurium erythraea | Methanol extract of the aerial part | Wistar rats, STZ | 100 mg/kg | 28 days | ↓ Serum creatinine, BUN ↓ Renal O-GlcNAc ↓ Renal TBARS ↑ Renal CAT, GPx, GR, MnSOD, CuZnSOD activities | [136] |
Thuja occidentalis | Hydroalcoholic extracts of the aerial part | Wistar rats, STZ-nicotinamide | 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg | 30 days | ↓ Blood glucose, ↓ Serum urea, creatinine, BUN, uric acid ↓ Kidney index, renal AGEs, renal TBARs ↑ Renal SOD, CAT, GSH ↓ IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β1 | [137] |
6.2. Suppression of Inflammatory Mediators
6.3. Inhibition of AGE Production
6.4. Suppression of Cells’ Apoptosis
6.5. Regulation of Tissue Injury- and Renal Fibrosis-Related Protein
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AGEs | Advanced glycation end-products |
AMPK | Adenosin monofosfat protein kinase |
Bax | Bcl-2-associated X |
Bcl-2 | B-cell lymphoma 2 |
BUN | Blood urea nitrogen |
CAT | Catalase |
CD2AP | CD2-associated protein |
CD-36 | Cluster of differentiation-36 |
CKD | Chronic kidney disease |
CTGF | Connective tissue growth factor |
DM | Diabetes mellitus |
DN | Diabetic nephropathy |
DPP-4 | Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 |
ECM | Extracellular matrix |
ED-1 | Ectodysplasin-1 |
EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor |
eNOS | Endothelial nitric oxide synthase |
ESRD | End-stage renal disease |
GFR | Glomerular filtration rate |
GlcNAc | N-acetylglucosamine |
GLO1 | Glyoxalase 1 |
GLP-1 | Glucagon-like peptide-1 |
GLUT-1 | Glucose transporter-1 |
GLUT-2 | Glucose transporter-2 |
GLUT-4 | Glucose transporter-4 |
G6PD | Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase |
GPx | Glutathione peroxidase |
GR | Glutathione reductase |
GSH | Glutathione |
GST | Glutathione S-transferase |
HFD | High fat diet |
HO-1 | Heme oxygenase-1 |
ICAM-1 | Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 |
IκBα | inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB |
IL-1α | Interleukin-1α |
IL-1β | Interleukin-1β |
IL-2 | Interleukin-2 |
IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
IL-10 | Interleukin-10 |
IL-12 | Interleukin-12 |
IL-18 | Interleukin-18 |
Kim-1 | Kidney injury molecule-1 |
KW/BW | Kidney weight/body weight |
LOX-1 | Lectin-type oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 |
MAPKs | Mitogen activated protein kinases |
MCP-1 | Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 |
MDA | Malondialdehyde |
miRNAs | MicroRNAs |
miR-636 | MicroRNA-636 |
mTOR | Mammalian target of rapamycin |
NADPH | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor-κB |
NGAL | Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin |
NOX4 | NADPH oxidase 4 |
NQO1 | NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 |
Nrf2 | Nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 |
8-OHdG | 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine |
PARP | Poly(ADPribose) polymerase |
PKC | Protein kinase C |
PKM2 | Pyruvate Kinase M2 |
p-Nrf2 | Phospho-nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 |
PPARγ | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ |
RAGE | Receptor for advanced glycation end products |
ROS | Reactive Oxygen Species |
SBP-1 | Selenium-binding protein 1 |
SGOT | Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase |
SGPT | Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase |
SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
SR-B1 | Scavenger receptor class B type 1 |
STAT3 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 |
STZ | Streptozotocin |
T-AOC | total antioxidant capacity |
TBARS | Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances |
T2DM | Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
TGF-β1 | Transforming growth factor-β1 |
TNFα | Tumor necrosis factor-α |
TNFRs | Tumor necrosis factor receptors |
ULK1 | Unc-51-like kinase 1 |
VCAM1 | Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
XO | Xanthine oxidase |
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Putra, I.M.W.A.; Fakhrudin, N.; Nurrochmad, A.; Wahyuono, S. A Review of Medicinal Plants with Renoprotective Activity in Diabetic Nephropathy Animal Models. Life 2023, 13, 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020560
Putra IMWA, Fakhrudin N, Nurrochmad A, Wahyuono S. A Review of Medicinal Plants with Renoprotective Activity in Diabetic Nephropathy Animal Models. Life. 2023; 13(2):560. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020560
Chicago/Turabian StylePutra, I Made Wisnu Adhi, Nanang Fakhrudin, Arief Nurrochmad, and Subagus Wahyuono. 2023. "A Review of Medicinal Plants with Renoprotective Activity in Diabetic Nephropathy Animal Models" Life 13, no. 2: 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020560