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Systematic Review

Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Diabetic Retinopathy—Current Knowledge and Future Therapeutic Targets

by
Dragos Serban
1,2,
Ana Maria Dascalu
1,3,*,
Andreea Letitia Arsene
4,
Laura Carina Tribus
5,6,†,
Geta Vancea
1,7,†,
Anca Pantea Stoian
1,
Daniel Ovidiu Costea
8,9,†,
Mihail Silviu Tudosie
1,
Daniela Stana
3,
Bogdan Mihai Cristea
1,
Vanessa Andrada Nicolae
1,3,
Corneliu Tudor
1,2,
Andreea Cristina Costea
10,
Meda Comandasu
2,
Mihai Faur
11,12 and
Ciprian Tanasescu
11,12
1
Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
2
Fourth Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
3
Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
4
Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
5
Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
6
Department of Internal Medicine, Ilfov Emergency Clinic Hospital, 022113 Bucharest, Romania
7
“Victor Babes” Infectious and Tropical Disease Hospital, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
8
Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania
9
General Surgery Department, Emergency County Hospital Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
10
Department of Nephrology, Diaverum Clinic Constanta, 900612 Constanta, Romania
11
Faculty of Medicine, University “Lucian Blaga”, 550169 Sibiu, Romania
12
Department of Surgery, Emergency County Hospital Sibiu, 550245 Sibiu, Romania
 
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*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Life 2023, 13(4), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13040968
Submission received: 16 March 2023 / Revised: 30 March 2023 / Accepted: 6 April 2023 / Published: 7 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)
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Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the major causes of blindness today, despite important achievements in diagnosis and therapy. The involvement of a gut–retina axis is thought to be a possible risk factor for several chronic eye disease, such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, uveitis, and, recently, diabetic retinopathy. Dysbiosis may cause endothelial disfunction and alter retinal metabolism. This review analyzes the evidence regarding changes in gut microbiota in patients with DR compared with diabetics and healthy controls (HCs). A systematic review was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for the following terms: “gut microbiota” OR “gut microbiome” AND “diabetic retinopathy”. Ultimately, 9 articles published between 2020 and 2022 presenting comparative data on a total of 228 T2DM patients with DR, 220 patients with T2DM, and 118 HCs were analyzed. All of the studies found a distinctive microbial beta diversity in DR vs. T2DM and HC, characterized by an altered Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, a decrease in butyrate producers, and an increase in LPS-expressing and pro-inflammatory species in the Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria phyla. The probiotic species Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were decreased when compared with T2DM. Gut microbiota influence retinal health in multiple ways and may represent a future therapeutic target in DR.
Keywords: diabetic retinopathy; gut microbiota; dysbiosis; LPS; SCFAs; blood retinal barrier; apoptosis diabetic retinopathy; gut microbiota; dysbiosis; LPS; SCFAs; blood retinal barrier; apoptosis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Serban, D.; Dascalu, A.M.; Arsene, A.L.; Tribus, L.C.; Vancea, G.; Pantea Stoian, A.; Costea, D.O.; Tudosie, M.S.; Stana, D.; Cristea, B.M.; et al. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Diabetic Retinopathy—Current Knowledge and Future Therapeutic Targets. Life 2023, 13, 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13040968

AMA Style

Serban D, Dascalu AM, Arsene AL, Tribus LC, Vancea G, Pantea Stoian A, Costea DO, Tudosie MS, Stana D, Cristea BM, et al. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Diabetic Retinopathy—Current Knowledge and Future Therapeutic Targets. Life. 2023; 13(4):968. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13040968

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serban, Dragos, Ana Maria Dascalu, Andreea Letitia Arsene, Laura Carina Tribus, Geta Vancea, Anca Pantea Stoian, Daniel Ovidiu Costea, Mihail Silviu Tudosie, Daniela Stana, Bogdan Mihai Cristea, and et al. 2023. "Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Diabetic Retinopathy—Current Knowledge and Future Therapeutic Targets" Life 13, no. 4: 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13040968

APA Style

Serban, D., Dascalu, A. M., Arsene, A. L., Tribus, L. C., Vancea, G., Pantea Stoian, A., Costea, D. O., Tudosie, M. S., Stana, D., Cristea, B. M., Nicolae, V. A., Tudor, C., Costea, A. C., Comandasu, M., Faur, M., & Tanasescu, C. (2023). Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Diabetic Retinopathy—Current Knowledge and Future Therapeutic Targets. Life, 13(4), 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13040968

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