Diversity of Antimicrobial Peptides in Silkworm
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Silkworm and Immune Responses
3. Isolation of AMPs from Silkworms
4. Different AMPs in Silkworms
4.1. AMPs Reported from Mulberry Silkworm B. mori
4.1.1. Cecropins
4.1.2. Defensins
4.1.3. Moricins
4.1.4. Gloverins
4.1.5. Attacins
4.1.6. Lebocins
AMP | Characteristics | Structure | Mode of action | Microorganisms | MIC | LC | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cecropins | Cationic | α-helix | Pore forming; Forms a carpet structure on lipid bilayer surface and disintegrates the bacterial membrane | ||||
BmcecA1 | B. subtilis | 2.5 µM | [117] | ||||
B. thuringiensis | 2.5 µM | ||||||
E. coli | 2.5 µM | ||||||
P. aeruginosa | 2.5 µM | ||||||
Ralstonia dolaanacearum | 2.5 µM | ||||||
Cecropin B1 | P. fluorescens | 1.6 µM | [118] | ||||
Xanthomonas campestris | 1.2 µM | ||||||
Chromobacterium iodinum | 0.85 µM | ||||||
Agrobacterium tumefaciens | 0.41 µM | ||||||
Alcaligenes faecalis | 0.49 µM | ||||||
Achromobacter polymorph | 1.8 µM | ||||||
E. coli K12 | 0.38 µM | ||||||
S. marcescens | 0.67 µM | ||||||
M. luteus | 0.59 µM | ||||||
S. aureus | >10 µM | ||||||
Brevibacterium ammoniagenes | 0.49 µM | ||||||
Lactobacillus plantarum | 0.62 µM | ||||||
Arthrobacter simplex | 0.46 µM | ||||||
B. subtilis | 3.6 µM | ||||||
B. sphaericus | 4.4 µM | ||||||
Cecropin B | B. megaterium | 1.7 µM | [89] | ||||
E. coli | 0.35 µM | ||||||
M. luteus | >207 µM | ||||||
P. aeruginosa | 10 µM | ||||||
S. marcescens | 17.22 µM | ||||||
BmcecB6 | B. bombysepticus | 2.5 µM | [117] | ||||
B. subtilis | 2.5 µM | ||||||
B. thuringiensis | 1.25 µM | ||||||
B. thuringiensis subsp. galleriae | 1.25 µM | ||||||
E. coli, S. marcescens, P. aeruginosa | 0.625 µM | ||||||
R. dolaanacearum | 1.25 µM | ||||||
BmcecD | B. bombysepticus | 2.5 µM | [117] | ||||
B. subtilis | 2.5 µM | ||||||
B. thuringiensis | 1.25 µM | ||||||
B. thuringiensis subsp. galleriae | 2.5 µM | ||||||
E. coli, P. aeruginosa, R. dolaanacearum | 1.25 µM | ||||||
S. marcescens | 2.5 µM | ||||||
BmcecE | B. thuringiensis | 1.25 µM | [117] | ||||
E. coli, S. marcescens, P. aeruginosa, R. dolaanacearum | 2.5 µM | ||||||
Modified Cecropins CecXJ-37C | E. coli ATCC 25922 | 3.9 µM | [91] | ||||
P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 | 3.9 µM | ||||||
K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 | 15.7 µM | ||||||
S. aureus ATCC 25923 | 0.25 µM | ||||||
S. aureus ATCC 29213 | 1 µg/mL | ||||||
S. aureus ATCC 43300 | 1 µg/mL | ||||||
B. subtilis ATCC 6633 | 1 µg/mL | ||||||
S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 | 1 µg/mL | ||||||
CecXJ-37N | E. coli ATCC 25922 | 1 µM | [91] | ||||
P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 | 1 µM | ||||||
K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 | 7.8 µM | ||||||
S. aureus ATCC 25923 | 0.25 µM | ||||||
S. aureus ATCC 29213 | 1 µg/mL | ||||||
S. aureus ATCC 43300 | 1 µg/mL | ||||||
B. subtilis ATCC 6633 | 1 µg/mL | ||||||
S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 | 1 µg/mL | ||||||
Defensins | Cationic Cysteine rich Hydrophilic peptide | Cysteine-stabilized αβ motif | Disrupts bacterial cell membrane; Formation of voltage dependent anion-selective channels in cell membranes | S. aureus | NP | [101,102,103] | |
Moricins | Basic Amphipathic | α-helix | Alters the membrane permeability; Formation of voltage dependent pores | E. coli JM 109 | 0.31 µM | [77,105] | |
Acinetobacter sp. NISL B-4653 | 0.27 µM | ||||||
P. fluorescens IAM 1179 | 0.53 µM | ||||||
P. aeruginosa IAM 15140 | 0.81 µM | ||||||
B. subtilis IAM 1107 | 0.19 µM | ||||||
B. megaterium IAM 1030 | 0.09 µM | ||||||
B. cereus IFO 3457 | 0.38 µM | ||||||
S. aureus ATCC 6538P | 0.21 µM | ||||||
S. aureus ATCC 6538Pa | 0.22 µM | ||||||
S. aureus IFO 3083 | 0.46 µM | ||||||
S. xylosus IAM 1312 | 0.27 µM | ||||||
S. epidermidis IFO 12993 | 0.18 µM | ||||||
S. pyogenes ATCC 21547 | 0.25 µM | ||||||
Bmmor | S. aureus, B. subtilis | 0.625 µM | [117] | ||||
B. bombysepticus, B. thuringiensis, B. thuringiensis subsp. galleriae, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, R. dolaanacearum | 1.25 µM | ||||||
S. marcescens | 0.625 µM | ||||||
Gloverins | Glycine rich Acidic to neutral (pI: 5.5–7.2) | Random coil | Pore forming | [117] | |||
Bmglv1 | B. thuringiensis | 1.4 µM | |||||
B. thuringiensis subsp. galleriae | 1.6 µM | ||||||
E. coli, P. aeruginosa, R. dolaanacearum | 1.4 µM | ||||||
S. marcescens | 1.2 µM | ||||||
X. campestris | 1.6 µM | ||||||
Bmglv2 | B. thuringiensis, B. thuringiensis subsp. galleriae, E. coli, S. marcescens, R. dolaanacearum | 1.6 µM | |||||
X. campestris, P. aeruginosa | 1.8 µM | ||||||
Bmglv3 | B. thuringiensis, B. thuringiensis subsp. galleriae, S. marcescens, R. dolaanacearum | 1.6 µM | |||||
E. coli | 1.4 µM | ||||||
P. aeruginosa, X. campestris | 1.8 µM | ||||||
Bmglv4 | B. thuringiensis, E. coli, S. marcescens, R. dolaanacearum | 1.4 µM | |||||
B. thuringiensis subsp. galleriae, P. Aeruginosa, X. campestris | 1.6 µM | ||||||
Attacins | Glycine-rich | Random coil structure in aqueous solution | Altering cell membrane permeability; Hampers synthesis of plasma membrane proteins of bacterial cell | Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria | NP | [119] |
4.2. AMPs Reported from Non-Mulberry Silkworms
5. Factors Affecting the Activity of AMPs
6. Current Status: AMPs under Clinical Investigation
7. Conclusions
8. Future Perspectives/Challenges
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Silkworm Disease | Causative Microorganism/s | Symptoms |
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Bacterial flacherie |
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Muscardine |
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Grasserie |
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Pebrine |
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Makwana, P.; Rahul, K.; Ito, K.; Subhadra, B. Diversity of Antimicrobial Peptides in Silkworm. Life 2023, 13, 1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13051161
Makwana P, Rahul K, Ito K, Subhadra B. Diversity of Antimicrobial Peptides in Silkworm. Life. 2023; 13(5):1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13051161
Chicago/Turabian StyleMakwana, Pooja, Kamidi Rahul, Katsuhiko Ito, and Bindu Subhadra. 2023. "Diversity of Antimicrobial Peptides in Silkworm" Life 13, no. 5: 1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13051161