Haematococcus lacustris Carotenogensis: A Historical Event of Primary to Secondary Adaptations to Earth’s Oxygenation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Strain and Cultivation Conditions
2.2. Plasmid Construction and Site-Directed Mutagenesis
2.3. Pigments’ Extraction and UPLC Analysis
2.4. Phylogenetic Tree Construction
2.5. Divergence Time Analysis
2.6. Recombination Detection
2.7. PAML Analysis
2.8. Functional Divergence Analysis
2.9. Sites Mapping
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phylogenetic Analysis of Cyclases
3.2. Divergence Times between LYCEs and LCYBs in Green Lineage
3.3. Role of Recombination and Selection
3.4. Functional Divergence between LCYEs and LCYBs
3.5. Mapping Positive Selection Sites onto the Protein Structures
3.6. Positively Selected Sites Determine the Monocyclase Activity of HlLCYE
4. Discussion
4.1. From Primary to Secondary Adaptations to Earth’s Oxygenation
4.2. Adaptive Functionalization from Monocyclase to Bicyclase
4.3. Oxidative Adaptation Has Been Widely Preserved
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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θI ± SE | LRT | p Value | Sites | |
---|---|---|---|---|
green lineage LYCEs/LCYBs | 0.44 ± 0.14 | 9.37 | p < 0.002 | HlLCYE: D130, M131, E154, D159, L172, H222, A238, R328, R353, D383, E410, T448, A459, L463, R482, S492 HlLCYB: G130, I131, I154, A159, F172, G222, R238, E328, P353, M383, Q410, G448, Q459, F463, R482, G492 |
algal LCYEs/plant LCYEs | 0.38 ± 0.28 | 1.87 | p > 0.05 | |
algal LCYEs/algal LCYBs | 0.14 ± 0.31 | 0.2 | p > 0.05 | |
algal LCYEs/plant LCYBs | 0.33 ± 0.28 | 1.35 | p > 0.05 | |
plant LCYEs/algal LCYBs | 0.67 ± 0.33 | 4.17 | p < 0.04 | HlLCYB: P94, V96, R113, F119, S120, V121, C122, V124, L129, G130, E153, V155, P157, K158, A159, N165, L173, V180, R182, P183, S187, L201, A220, D221, G227, V237, A259, E260, E269, M271, M274, H288, P302, R307, A317, R318, A320, D331, A332, I339, E345, L351, P362, A389, V390, A432, P435, Q441, R442, L443, L451, L453, L457, Q459, D462, F463, F473, H476, F485, V512 |
plant LCYEs/plant LCYBs | 0.25 ± 0.29 | 0.73 | p > 0.05 | |
algal LCYBs/plant LCYBs | 0.61 ± 0.37 | 2.69 | p > 0.05 |
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Qu, C.L.; Jin, H.; Zhang, B.; Chen, W.J.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, Y.Y.; Wang, R.; Lao, Y.M. Haematococcus lacustris Carotenogensis: A Historical Event of Primary to Secondary Adaptations to Earth’s Oxygenation. Life 2024, 14, 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050576
Qu CL, Jin H, Zhang B, Chen WJ, Zhang Y, Xu YY, Wang R, Lao YM. Haematococcus lacustris Carotenogensis: A Historical Event of Primary to Secondary Adaptations to Earth’s Oxygenation. Life. 2024; 14(5):576. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050576
Chicago/Turabian StyleQu, Cui Lan, Hui Jin, Bing Zhang, Wei Jian Chen, Yang Zhang, Yuan Yuan Xu, Rui Wang, and Yong Min Lao. 2024. "Haematococcus lacustris Carotenogensis: A Historical Event of Primary to Secondary Adaptations to Earth’s Oxygenation" Life 14, no. 5: 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050576