Membrane Attack Complex in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: A Systematic Review for Post Mortem Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Activation Pathways and Effects of Complement System in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Study Selection
3. Results
3.1. Summary of Pathophysiological and Clinical Studies
3.2. Summary of Forensic Studies
4. Discussion
4.1. Complement Components for MAC Activation
4.2. MAC Tissue Localization and Time of Expression
4.3. MAC Specificity
4.4. MAC Stability
4.5. Comparison with Other Markers
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors | Sample | Time Interval | Type of Damage | Marker | Method | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yasuda et al. [34] | Patients (31 AMI, 17 UAP, 19 SAP) | ≤ 24 h | ischemia | iC3b, C3d, C4d, Ba, Bb, (s)C5b-9 | ELISA | ↑ (s)C5b-9 in AMI ↑ others in AMI and UAP |
Hugo et al. [35] | 36 autopsies | 1–8 d | ischemia | (m) and (s) C5b-9 | ELISA | ↑↑ of (m)C5b-9 ↑ of (s)C5b-9 |
Väkevä et al. [36] | 13 autopsies | 2.5 h–14 d | ischemia | C1q, C3c, C3d, C4, C5, C6, C8, C9, C5b-9 | IFL | ↑ at 8 h and more |
Väkevä et al. [37] | 10 autopsies | 8 h–14 d | ischemia | clusterin, C5b-9, C1q, C3d, C4, C9 | IFL | ↑ at 8 h and more |
Väkevä et al. [38] | 36 rats | 1, 2, 3, 6, 24, 72 h | ischemia | CD59, C1, C3, C8, C9 | IFL | ↑ C3 at 2 h ↑ C1, C8, C9 at 3 h ↓ CD59 from 6 to 72 h |
Sumitra et al. [39] | 36 rats | 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 h | ischemia | (s) C5b-9 | ELISA | ↑ at 8 h and more |
(s) C5b-9, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9 | IHC | |||||
Mathey et al. [40] | 17 rabbits | 30 min, 1.5–3, 5–6, 12–17, 22–29 h | ischemia | (m) C5b-9 | ELISA | ↑ at 6 h |
IHC | ↑ at 5 h | |||||
23 rabbits | 30 min, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 5 h | reperfusion | ELISA | ↑ within 1 h | ||
IHC | ↑ at 15–30 min | |||||
Tada et al. [41] | 9 autopsies | 3.5 h–12 d | ischemia | C1q, C3d, MAC, IgM, CD59 | IHC | ↑ C factors at 4 h ↓ CD59 at 20 h |
Ilczuck et al. [42] | 50 autopsies | n.d. (clinical and histological diagnosis) | ischemia | C1q, C4d, C9, CD45, CD55, CD59, fH | IHC | ↑ (all markers) |
Yasojima et al. [43] | AMI (recent and old) from 5 autopsies | n.d. (clinical and/or histological diagnosis) | ischemia | C1q, C1r, C1s, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C5b-9 | RT-PCR (mRNA) | ↑ (all markers) mRNA stability until 132 h post mortem |
WB | ||||||
IHC | ||||||
Ito et al. [44] | 28 rabbits (C6 competent), 18 rabbits (C6 deficient) | 30 min, 2 h | ischemia | C5b-9 | IHC | ↑ at 30 min C6 competent |
reperfusion | ↑ at 2 h in both | |||||
Nijneijer et al. [45] | 76 autopsies | 0–12 h, 12 h–5 d, 5–14 d | ischemia | PCR, C3d, C5b-9 | IHC | ↑ (all markers) |
reinfarction | ↑↑ (all markers) | |||||
reperfusion | ↑↑ (all markers) | |||||
Böttiger et al. [46] | 21 patients with CPR and ROSC (n:7) | 15, 30 min (CPR) 30 min, 2, 8, 24, 48, 72 h, 7 d (ROSC) | reperfusion | C3a, (s)C5b-9 | ELISA | ↑ during CPR ↑ after ROSC (≤48 h) |
Bavia et al. [47] | 17 AMI patients | > 30 min | ischemia | CK, CK.MB, My, Tr-I, C3d, (s)C5b-9 | ELISA | ↑ C3d and (s)C5b-9 at hospital admission |
Authors | Sample | Time Interval | Marker | Method | Results | Other Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brinkmann et al. [48] | autopsies: AMI (I group: 15), coronary thrombosis without infarction (II group: 11), only coronary atherosclerosis (III group: 9) | histologically: from detectable coagulative necrosis to weak or no signs | Desmin, myoglobin, fibrinogen, C5b-9 | IHC | ↑ fibrinogen, C5b-9 in I-II groups ↓ desmin, myoglobin in I-II groups | Negativity of C5b-9 in control group (gunshot, drowning hanging, SIDS, etc) |
Edston and Kawa [49] | autopsies: SD with CAD (I group: 44), SUD without CAD (II group: 25) | histologically: from detectable coagulative necrosis to weak or no signs | C5b-9 | IHC | ↑ in coagulative necrosis and in some areas of CBN | Negativity of C5b-9 in agonal/artefactual CBN and in control group (hangings) |
Thomsen et al. [50] | autopsies: AMI (n:n.d.), direct myocardial injury (n:28), indirect myocardial lesions (n:38) | 7–10 h (AMI) | C5b-9 | IHC | ↑ in AMI group, negative in direct and indirect injuries | |
Ortmann et al. [51] | autopsies: AMI (group I: 8), SCD without histological necrosis (group II: 8) | histologically: from detectable coagulative necrosis to weak or no signs | Troponins, FABP, CD59, myoglobin, desmin, C5b-9, fibrinogen, fibronectin | IHC | ↑ C5b-9 in both groups ↓↓ cellular proteins | Negativity of C5b-9 in control group (hanging), also in 4/5 cases with CPR |
Campobasso et al. [52] | autopsies: AMI (group I: 6), coronary death (group II: 4), acute cardiac death (group III: 8) | group II < 1 h, group III < 8–10 h | Troponin I, myoglobin, fibronectin, C5b-9 | IHC | ↑ C5b-9 in group I ↑↑ C5b-9 in group III ↓↓ My in group II ↓↓↓ Tr and M in group III | Negativity of C5b-9 in control group (acute traumatic death) |
Kawamoto et al. [53] | autopsies: MI (group I: 15), acute ischemic heart disease (group 2: 8) | histologically: from detectable coagulative necrosis to weak or no signs | Cx43, npCx43, ZO-1, C5b-9 | IHC | ↑ C5b-9 in group I and II ↑ npCx43 in group I and II | Negativity of C5b-9 in control group (hanging, drowning) |
Sabatasso et al. [54] | 44 rats | 5, 15, 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 7, 12, 24 h | Cx43, fibronectin, troponins, myoglobin, C5b-9 | IHC | ↑ Cx43 at 15–30 min ↑ Tr, My, at 1 h ↑ C5b-9 at 2 h | |
Mondello et al. [55] | autopsies: MI (n:12), EMI (12) | histologically: from detectable coagulative necrosis to weak or no signs | Dystrophin, fibronectin, C5b-9 | IHC | ↑ C5b-9 in EMI ↑ FN in EMI ↓ Dys in EMI | Negativity of C5b-9 in control group (acute mechanical asphyxiation); C5b-9 and Dys earlier than FN |
Fracasso el al. [56] | autopsies: AMI (n: 25), CO intoxication (n: 26), hanging (n: 23) | AMI histologically detectable | C5b-9, fibronectin | IHC | ↑ C5b-9 in AMI C5b-9 negative in CO intoxication and hanging ↑ FN in all groups | // |
Fracasso et al. [57] | autopsies: AMI (n: 18), alcohol intoxication (n: 19), hanging (n: 15), pulmonary thromboembolism (n:26) | AMI histologically detectable | C5b-9, fibronectin | IHC | ↑ C5b-9 in LV of AMI C5b-9 negative in LV of ET, PT and hanging ↑ FN in LV of all groups | // |
Thomsen et al. [58] | autopsies: AMI (n:4) PMI from 0 to 480 h | AMI macroscopically and histologically detectable | (m)C5b-9 | IHC | C5b-9 detectable until 340 h post mortem | // |
Ortmann et al. [59] | autopsies: AMI (n:3), hanging (n:3) PMI from 0 to 8 w | AMI histologically detectable | C5b-9, fibronectin, fibrinogen, desmin, troponin C, FABP, myoglobin | IHC | C5b-9 detectable until 8 w post mortem Other proteins artefacs after 1 w | // |
exumation: AMI (n:20), controls (n:6) PMI from 10 to 929 d | supposed AMI by clinical records, CAD | C5b-9 detectable at 128 d post mortem |
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Mondello, C.; Ventura Spagnolo, E.; Cardia, L.; Sapienza, D.; Scurria, S.; Gualniera, P.; Asmundo, A. Membrane Attack Complex in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: A Systematic Review for Post Mortem Applications. Diagnostics 2020, 10, 898. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10110898
Mondello C, Ventura Spagnolo E, Cardia L, Sapienza D, Scurria S, Gualniera P, Asmundo A. Membrane Attack Complex in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: A Systematic Review for Post Mortem Applications. Diagnostics. 2020; 10(11):898. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10110898
Chicago/Turabian StyleMondello, Cristina, Elvira Ventura Spagnolo, Luigi Cardia, Daniela Sapienza, Serena Scurria, Patrizia Gualniera, and Alessio Asmundo. 2020. "Membrane Attack Complex in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: A Systematic Review for Post Mortem Applications" Diagnostics 10, no. 11: 898. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10110898