Reliability of a Scale for the Evaluation of Generativity Relative to Health (GeReH) in the Mexican Population in the Aging Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Screening Instruments
2.1.1. Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADL)
2.1.2. Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)
2.1.3. Cognitive Function (CF)
2.1.4. Sociodemographic Data Questionnaire (SDQ)
2.2. GeReH Design
2.2.1. Elaboration of Items
2.2.2. Focus Group
2.2.3. Expert Consultation
2.2.4. Construct Components for the GeReH Design
2.2.5. Procedure
2.3. GeReH Psychometric Properties
2.3.1. Participants
2.3.2. Procedure
2.4. Relationship between GeReH and Self-Esteem
2.4.1. Self-Esteem
2.4.2. Relationship between Generativity and Self-Esteem
2.5. Statistical Analysis
- (a)
- Frequency distribution to obtain the percentage of response to each option of the items, the bias, and the kurtosis of every item;
- (b)
- Student’s t-test for extreme groups in order to obtain the discrimination power of each item;
- (c)
- Total item correlation corrected to identify inter-item correlation. The cut-off point for including the items in the analysis was 0.3 [42];
- (d)
- Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) normality analysis and Bartlett’s Sphericity Test in order to identify the feasibility of applying an exploratory factor analysis [43];
- (e)
- Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to determine the number and composition of the factors [44];
- (f)
- McDonald’s Omega with the purpose of obtaining the reliability indices of the scale factors and the global scale. A value of 0.7 or higher indicates sufficient internal consistency for a new scale [45];
- (g)
- Pearson’s bivariate correlation analysis between the GeReH and RSI factors.
3. Results
3.1. GeReH Scale Design
3.2. Psychometric Properties
3.3. Relationship between the GeReH and Self-Esteem
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Never | Almost | Sometimes | Almost | Always | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never | Always | ||||
1. I invite my friends and family to have medical check-ups. | |||||
2. I am pleased that people recognize what I do. | |||||
3. I contribute to the improvement of the environment (I sweep the street, water plants, recycle materials, etc.). | |||||
4. I think about helping other people. | |||||
5. I devote part of my time to taking care of others (children, grandchildren, friends, etc.). | |||||
6. I feel good showing interest in others. | |||||
7. Supporting others is part of my way of being. | |||||
8. My hours of sleep are enough to feel good during the day. | |||||
9. I make plans that include other people. | |||||
10. I feel good when I have shared goals with other people. | |||||
11. I know that meeting my needs is important. | |||||
12. I am satisfied with doing something for others. | |||||
13. I feel like I include myself in other people’s lives when I help them. | |||||
14. I consider myself strong enough to do the common good. | |||||
15. I feel that I am a responsible person when I share with others what has worked for me. | |||||
16. My health status allows me to help others. | |||||
17. I am willing to transmit to others the benefits of taking care of their health. | |||||
18. I donate to those in need. | |||||
19. I would always like to be learning regardless my age. | |||||
20. I am satisfied with what I do in my aging process. | |||||
21. I do many things with humor. | |||||
22. I am interested in being a health promoter in my community. | |||||
23. I take care of sick or dependent people. | |||||
24. When I start something I DO NOT leave it until I finish it. | |||||
25. People DON’T value me the way they used to | |||||
26. I live with other people besides my family. | |||||
27. I like to be in a group to share experiences. | |||||
28. I identify myself with people who see aging as something positive. | |||||
29. I give advice to others whenever they ask for it. | |||||
30I would like to share my experiences with young people. | |||||
31. I am someone who teaches others about my experiences. | |||||
32. I DO NOT always finish the plans that I start. | |||||
33. I intend to pass my knowledge on to others. | |||||
34. I would like to do activities for community welfare. | |||||
35. When I get sick I am able to take care of myself. | |||||
36. I talk about my experiences to improve the well-being of others. | |||||
37. I am happy to help others maintain their health. | |||||
38. I am fully committed to protect the health of others. | |||||
39. I have become invisible to others. | |||||
40. I meet the goals I set for myself. | |||||
41. I am a better person by promoting the health of others. | |||||
42. I would like to attend talks to learn about health issues. | |||||
43. I trust that with my contribution the world will be better. | |||||
44. I want to do something new. | |||||
45. With my experience I help others when they need it. | |||||
46. My life is enriched when I help others. | |||||
47. The way I help others makes me feel good. | |||||
48. I give to others and I receive from them. | |||||
49. It is very important to me to teach that health is a treasure. | |||||
50. In the last twelve months, I have exercise at least three times a week. | |||||
51. The activities I carry out benetit society. | |||||
52. I try to see the positive in the situations that may arise. | |||||
53. The people I help appreciate me. | |||||
54. I am a better human being when I help other people. | |||||
55. I promote health care for other people. | |||||
56. I believe that aging is a time of stagnation. | |||||
57. I am committed mysef to caring for all those around me | |||||
58. I visit sick people to cheer them up. | |||||
59. I identify myself as someone collaborative. | |||||
60. I depend on other people for my care. | |||||
61. When I offer help I am rejected because of old age. | |||||
62. I carry out activities that benefit my community. | |||||
63. I participate in support groups for adults like me. | |||||
64. I feel like my life is heading in a positive direction. | |||||
65. Close to where I live there are places (Health Care Centers or organized groups) where I can volunteer | |||||
66. I would like values such as respect and solidarity to be maintained in order to make the world a better place | |||||
67. I would like to share with others what has worked well for me for my health care. | |||||
68. I feel good when what I do leads me to achieve my goals. | |||||
69. I am satisfied with what I do on a daily basis. | |||||
70. I focus my activities on serving others. | |||||
71. I am self-sufficient in my daily decisions. | |||||
72. I tend to eat my foods low in fat, salt, and sugar. | |||||
73. At my age I can continue learning. | |||||
74. Attending health promotion talks can benefit me. | |||||
75. When someone needs it, I do healing, take blood pressure, give injections, etc. | |||||
76. The people I live with tell me that I inspire trust. | |||||
77. I am concerned about maintaining good health. | |||||
78. I plan things because I know I have time to finish them. | |||||
79. I get a medical checkup at least once a year. | |||||
80. It makes me happy to think of helping someone. | |||||
81. I am delighted to participate in group recreational activities. | |||||
82. I know how to help others. | |||||
83. It satisfies me to have shared goals. | |||||
84. A healthy person is a whole person. | |||||
85. I have friends I can trust. | |||||
86. I would like to give health advice to others. | |||||
87. I like to agree with others to take care of them. | |||||
88. I am happy to commit myself to others. | |||||
89. The support I give to others requires no planning. | |||||
90. I know how to find information to meet my needs. |
Appendix B
Nunca | Casi Nunca | A Veces | Casi Siempre | Siempre | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Pienso en ayudar a otras personas. | |||||
2 Me siento bien mostrando interés por los demás. | |||||
3 Apoyar a otros es parte de mi forma de ser. | |||||
4 Me satisface hacer algo por los demás. | |||||
5 Estoy satisfecho (a) con lo que hago en mi proceso de envejecimiento. | |||||
6 Muchas cosas las realizo con humor. | |||||
7 Convivo con otras personas además de mi familia. | |||||
8 Me gusta estar en grupo para compartir experiencias. | |||||
9 Me gustaría hacer actividades para el bienestar de mi comunidad. | |||||
10 Cumplo las metas que me propongo. | |||||
11 Confío que, con mi contribución el mundo sea mejor. | |||||
12 La manera en que ayudo a otros me hace sentir bien. | |||||
13 Las actividades que realizo tienen un beneficio para la sociedad. | |||||
14 Procuro ver lo positivo de las situaciones que se me presentan. | |||||
15 Realizo actividades que benefician a mi comunidad. | |||||
16 Estoy satisfecho (a) con lo que hago diariamente. | |||||
17 Tengo amigos (as) en quienes puedo confiar. | |||||
18 Me gustaría dar consejos de salud a otros. | |||||
19 Me gusta ponerme de acuerdo con otros para cuidarlos. | |||||
20 El apoyo que le doy a los demás no requiere planeación. |
Appendix C
Never | Almost | Sometimes | Almost | Always | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
never | always | |||||
1 | I think about helping other people. | |||||
2 | I feel good showing interest in others. | |||||
3 | Supporting others is part of my way of being. | |||||
4 | I am pleased with doing something for others | |||||
5 | I am satisfied with what I do in my aging process. | |||||
6 | I do many things with humor. | |||||
7 | I spend time with other people besides my family | |||||
8 | I like to be in a group to share experiences. | |||||
9 | I would like to do activities for my community welfare. | |||||
10 | I meet the goals I set for myself. | |||||
11 | I trust that with my contribution the world will be better. | |||||
12 | The way I help others makes me feel good. | |||||
13 | The activities I carry out have a benefit for society. | |||||
14 | I try to see the positive in the situations that may arise. | |||||
15 | I carry out activities that benefit my community. | |||||
16 | I am satisfied with what I do on a daily basis. | |||||
17 | I have friends I can trust. | |||||
18 | I would like to give health advice to others. | |||||
19 | I like to agree with others to take care of them. | |||||
20 | The support I give to others requires no planning. |
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Variable | Value |
---|---|
Age, years, mean ± SD | 57.5 ± 10.8 |
Sex (n%) | |
Women | 296 (65.8) |
Men | 154 (34.2) |
Place of residence (n%) | |
Rural | 235 (52.2) |
Urban | 215 (47.8) |
Schooling (n%) | |
Does not know to read nor to write | 29 (6.4) |
Can read and write | 49 (10.9) |
Primary | 116 (25.8) |
High school | 153 (34) |
Higher | 103 (22.9) |
Marital status (n%) | |
Single | 77 (17.1) |
Married | 297 (66) |
Divorced | 38 (8.4) |
Widower | 38 (8.4) |
Community group (n%) | |
Religious | 79 (17.6) |
Political | 42 (9.3) |
Community | 51 (11.3) |
Other | 44 (9.8) |
No group | 234 (52) |
Item | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
6. I feel good showing interest in others. | 0.720 | ||||
7. Supporting others is part of my way of being. | 0.698 | ||||
12. I am satisfied with doing something for others. | 0.675 | ||||
4. I think about helping other people. | 0.577 | ||||
47. The way I help others makes me feel good. | 0.408 | ||||
69. I am satisfied with what I do on a daily basis. | 0.648 | ||||
20. I am satisfied with what I am doing in my aging process. | 0.644 | ||||
21. I do many things with humor. | 0.511 | ||||
52. I try to see the positive in the situations that may arise. | 0.485 | ||||
40. I meet the goals I set for myself. | 0.459 | ||||
62. I carry out activities that benefit my community. | 0.702 | ||||
51. The activities I carry out benefit society. | 0.699 | ||||
43. I trust that with my contribution the world will be better. | 0.484 | ||||
34. I would like to do activities for the welfare of my communnity. | 0.459 | ||||
26. I live with other people besides my family. | 0.718 | ||||
85. I have friends I can trust. | 0.528 | ||||
27. I like to be in a group to share experiences. | 0.444 | ||||
87. I like to agree with others to take care of them. | 0.749 | ||||
86. I would like to give health advice to others. | 0.518 | ||||
89. The support I give to others requires no planning. | 0.481 | ||||
Number of items | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
Variance explained by factor | 5.71% | 1.1% | 0.88% | 0.67% | 0.53% |
McDonald’s omega reliability | 0.819 | 0.737 | 0.742 | 0.679 | 0.686 |
Half | 21 | 20.8 | 14.4 | 11.4 | 10.1 |
Standard deviation | 3.5 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 2.7 |
F1 Generative Attitude | F2 Satisfaction | F3 Volunteering | F4 Support Networks | F5 Social Support Offered | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 Generative attitude | 1 | 0.502 ** | 0.456 ** | 0.497 ** | 0.473 ** |
F2 Satisfaction | 1 | 0.379 ** | 0.419 ** | 0.305 ** | |
F3 Volunteering | 1 | 0.376 ** | 0.455 ** | ||
F4 Support Networks | 1 | 0.377 ** | |||
F5 Social support offered | 1 |
Item | Total Correlation between Elements Corrected | t by Student |
---|---|---|
4. I think about helping other people. | 0.578 | −14.29, p < 0.001 |
6. I feel good showing interest in others. | 0.583 | −13.3, p < 0.001 |
7. Supporting others is part of my way of being. | 0.538 | −11.3, p < 0.001 |
12. I am satisfied to do something for others. | 0.525 | −10.3, p < 0.001 |
20. I am satisfied with what I am doing in my aging process. | 0.391 | −7.2, p < 0.001 |
21. I do many things with humor. | 0.437 | −7.3, p < 0.001 |
26. I live with other people besides my family. | 0.499 | −10.3, p < 0.001 |
27. I like to be in a group to share experiences. | 0.552 | −14.1, p < 0.001 |
34. I trust that with my contribution the world will be better. | 0.478 | −10.8, p <0.001 |
40. I accomplish the goals that I set for myself. | 0.472 | −9.4, p < 0.001 |
43. I trust that with my contribution the world will be better. | 0.475 | −11.4, p < 0.001 |
47. The way I help others makes me feel good. | 0.592 | −12.5, p < 0.001 |
51. The activities I carry out benefit society. | 0.488 | −11.8, p < 0.001 |
52. I try to see the positive in the situations that may arise. | 0.459 | −9.2, p < 0.001 |
62. I carry out activities that benefit my community. | 0.476 | −12.0, p < 0.001 |
69. I am satisfied with what I do on a daily basis. | 0.417 | −7.2, p < 0.001 |
85. I have friends I can trust. | 0.381 | −9.2, p < 0.001 |
86. I would like to give health advice to others. | 0.567 | −14.0, p < 0.001 |
87. I like to agree with others to take care of them. | 0.474 | −10.5, p < 0.001 |
89. The support I give to others requires no planning. | 0.356 | −8.0, p < 0.001 |
Generativity Factors | High Self-Steem |
---|---|
F1 Generative attitude | 0.270 ** |
F2 Satisfaction | 0.491 ** |
F3 Volunteering | 0.291 ** |
F4 Support networks | 0.194 ** |
F5 Social support offered | 0.161 ** |
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Ramírez-Arellano, O.A.; García-Méndez, M.; Garduño-Espinosa, J.; Vargas-Guadarrama, L.A.; Mendoza-Núñez, V.M. Reliability of a Scale for the Evaluation of Generativity Relative to Health (GeReH) in the Mexican Population in the Aging Process. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 1833. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11101833
Ramírez-Arellano OA, García-Méndez M, Garduño-Espinosa J, Vargas-Guadarrama LA, Mendoza-Núñez VM. Reliability of a Scale for the Evaluation of Generativity Relative to Health (GeReH) in the Mexican Population in the Aging Process. Diagnostics. 2021; 11(10):1833. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11101833
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamírez-Arellano, Otilia Aurora, Mirna García-Méndez, Juan Garduño-Espinosa, Luis Alberto Vargas-Guadarrama, and Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez. 2021. "Reliability of a Scale for the Evaluation of Generativity Relative to Health (GeReH) in the Mexican Population in the Aging Process" Diagnostics 11, no. 10: 1833. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11101833