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Volume 12
Issue 2
10.3390/diagnostics12020278
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Review

Diagnostic, Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Pediatric Germ Cell Tumors—Past, Present and Future

by
Michalina Jezierska
1,2,
Ada Gawrychowska
2 and
Joanna Stefanowicz
1,2,3,*
1
Department of Paediatrics, Haematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
2
Department of Paediatrics, Haematology and Oncology, Clinical University Centre, 7 Debinki Street, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
3
Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Street 3a, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2022, 12(2), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020278
Submission received: 3 November 2021 / Revised: 14 January 2022 / Accepted: 15 January 2022 / Published: 21 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic, Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Pediatric Cancer)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are a heterogenous group of neoplasms in children and young adults, in which serum tumor markers have been demonstrated to be highly sensitive diagnostic and monitoring tools. The known "old" serum biomarkers, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human choriogonadotropin (β-hCG) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), have some limitations in sensitivity and specificity. MIRNAs from the miR-371~373 (chromosomal locus 19q13.41) and miR-302/367 (4q25) clusters are universally over-expressed in malignant GCT tissue samples. The levels of miRNAs from these clusters are elevated in the serum. They seem to be highly sensitive and specific in malignant GCTs diagnosis and disease assessment during treatment and follow-up. The aim of our review was to present the role of serum tumor markers in the clinical staging, treatment monitoring and follow-up of pediatric patients with GCTs and show new possibilities. The serum levels of miRNAs seem to be a new, promising essential tool in the clinical management of GCTs.
Keywords: germ cell tumors; markers; alfa-fetoprotein; beta-human chorionic gonadotropin; lactate dehydrogenase; miRNA germ cell tumors; markers; alfa-fetoprotein; beta-human chorionic gonadotropin; lactate dehydrogenase; miRNA

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jezierska, M.; Gawrychowska, A.; Stefanowicz, J. Diagnostic, Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Pediatric Germ Cell Tumors—Past, Present and Future. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020278

AMA Style

Jezierska M, Gawrychowska A, Stefanowicz J. Diagnostic, Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Pediatric Germ Cell Tumors—Past, Present and Future. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(2):278. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020278

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jezierska, Michalina, Ada Gawrychowska, and Joanna Stefanowicz. 2022. "Diagnostic, Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Pediatric Germ Cell Tumors—Past, Present and Future" Diagnostics 12, no. 2: 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020278

APA Style

Jezierska, M., Gawrychowska, A., & Stefanowicz, J. (2022). Diagnostic, Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Pediatric Germ Cell Tumors—Past, Present and Future. Diagnostics, 12(2), 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020278

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