The Role of PROX1 in Neoplasia: A Key Player Often Overlooked
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. PROX1 Expression in Cancer
2.1. Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumors
2.2. Oral Cancer
2.3. Thyroid Cancer
2.4. Lung Cancer
2.5. Breast Cancer
2.6. Esophageal Cancer
2.7. Gastric Cancer
2.8. Colon Cancer
2.9. Hepatobiliary Cancer
2.10. Pancreatic Cancer
2.11. Soft Tissue Tumors
2.12. Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)
2.13. Bladder Carcinoma
2.14. Gynecological Cancer
3. The Role of PROX1 in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy of Cancer
3.1. PROX1 as a Lymph-Specific Marker
3.2. PROX1 as a Diagnostic and Histological Marker
3.3. PROX1 in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Cancer
3.4. PROX1 as a Prognostic Marker in Cancer
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tissues | Methods | Results | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
20 PCNSL samples 8 DLBCLsamples 20 GBM samples | IHC | PROX1 expression (in LEC)
| [16] |
56 grade I–IV astrocytic glioma samples | IHC | PROX1 expression (in CC)
| [18] |
116 grade II glioma samples | IHC |
| [19] |
23 metastasis-free SLNs of 10 OSCC Controls: 10 LNs | RT-PCR | Positive correlation between the expression levels of the lymphatic markers (PROX1, VEGFR-3 and LYVE-1) in SLNs from OSCC patients (in SLNs) no difference in VEGFR-2 and PROX-1 levels to controls, only LYVE-1 higher than controls (p < 0.01) | [20] |
163 OSCC samples Controls: 5 normal oral mucosa specimens | IHC RT-PCR | PROX1 expression (in CC-nuclear)
| [21] |
40 OSCC samples Controls: non-tumor margins | IHC RT-PCR | PROX1 gene and protein expression (in CC)
| [22] |
97 TC samples Controls: 4 normal thyroid tissues | IHC Western blot | PROX1 expression downregulated in TC tissues (in CC) | [23] |
11 FTC samples Controls: 11 normal thyroid samples | RT-PCR | PROX1 expression (in CC)
| [25] |
Tissues | Methods | Results | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
16 Inflammatory and 20 non-inflammatory BC specimens (non-stage-matched) | real-time RT-PCR | PROX1 expression (in LEC)
| [28] |
127 BC samples | IHC | High PROX-1 expression (in CC) inversely correlated with IL-24 expression (insignificantly) | [29] |
63 SLNs from T1N0-T2N0 BC patients Controls: 30 LNs | real-time RT-PCR | PROX-1 expression (in SLNs)
| [30] |
32 in situ ductal BC samples, 55 BC samples Controls: 23 normal breast samples, 7 fibrocystic lesion samples | IHC |
| [31] |
33 primary BC samples Controls: paired normal breast tissues | real-time RT-PCR |
| [32] |
Tissues | Methods | Results | Refs |
---|---|---|---|
28 colon cancer samples Controls: 28 normal colon samples | RT-PCR | PROX1 expression (DNA extracted from CC)
| [40] |
241 human cancer samples Controls: 241 paired normal samples | Gene profiling array: PROX-1 mRNA | PROX1 expression in CC
| [41] |
517 colon cancer samples | IHC |
| [42] |
136 colon cancer samples | IHC | PROX1 expression (in CC) correlated with
| [43] |
528 colon cancer samples Controls: 528 paired normal colon samples | IHC |
| [44] |
60 cases of colon cancer stages II to III—samples | IHC | PROX1 expression (in CC) associated with
| [45] |
47 colon cancer samples Controls: 47 paracancerous tissue samples | quantitative RT-PCR | High PROX1 expression in both cancer (in CC) and paracancerous tissues without significant differences | [46] |
50 gastric cancer samples | IHC mRNA-scope |
| [35] |
327 gastric cancer samples | IHC |
| [36] |
99 gastric cancer samples | IHC | PROX1 expression (in CC) associated with
| [37] |
283 gastric cancer samples | IHC |
| [38] |
54 esophageal carcinoma samples | quantitative RT-PCR MVD assessment | PROX1 expression in CC and LEC
| [33] |
117 esophageal cancer samples | IHC |
| [34] |
25 HCC samples, 17 liver metastases samples (from the GI tract, pancreas, and ovary cancers) | IHC | PROX1 expression in LEC
| [48] |
52 HCC samples Controls: 52 non-cancerous liver tissue samples | Semiquantitative RT-PCR IHC | PROX1 overexpression (in CC) correlated with
| [49] |
36 PDAC samples Controls: 30 normal pancreatic tissues | quantitative RT-PCR IHC | PROX1 expression in both CC and LEC
| [51] |
156 PDAC samples | IHC | PROX1 expression in CC
| [52] |
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Ntikoudi, E.; Pergaris, A.; Kykalos, S.; Politi, E.; Theocharis, S. The Role of PROX1 in Neoplasia: A Key Player Often Overlooked. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071624
Ntikoudi E, Pergaris A, Kykalos S, Politi E, Theocharis S. The Role of PROX1 in Neoplasia: A Key Player Often Overlooked. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(7):1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071624
Chicago/Turabian StyleNtikoudi, Evangelia, Alexandros Pergaris, Stylianos Kykalos, Ekaterini Politi, and Stamatios Theocharis. 2022. "The Role of PROX1 in Neoplasia: A Key Player Often Overlooked" Diagnostics 12, no. 7: 1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071624