Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Treatment Options for Degenerative Lumbar Spine Disease: A Practical Overview of Current Possibilities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Epidemiology and Economic Impact
1.2. Pathogenesis and Main Causes
1.3. Indication for Surgery and Conservative Treatments
2. Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Treatments
2.1. Patient Preparation and Management
- (i)
- Target anatomical site of injection;
- (ii)
- Patient’s age and body mass index;
- (iii)
- Type of treatment;
- (iv)
- Operator’s experience.
2.2. Image-Guided Approaches
2.2.1. Intradiscal Approach
2.2.2. Transforaminal Approach
2.2.3. Facet Joint Approach
2.3. First-Level Image-Guided Procedures (Drug Injections)
2.3.1. Injectable Materials
Glucocorticoids
Methylene-Blue
Biologic Agents (Platelet-Rich Plasma, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Hydrogel, and Hyaluronic Acid)
2.4. Second-Level Image-Guided Procedures
2.4.1. Oxygen–Ozone Therapy
2.4.2. Image-Guided Radiofrequency
Continuous Radiofrequency
Pulsed Radiofrequency
2.4.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-Guided Focused Ultrasound
3. Future Directions and Limitations
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Borenstein, D. Does osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine cause chronic low back pain? Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 2004, 6, 14–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goode, A.P.; Carey, T.S.; Jordan, J.M. Low back pain and lumbar spine osteoarthritis: How are they related? Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 2013, 15, 305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rubin, D.I. Epidemiology and risk factors for spine pain. Neurol. Clin. 2007, 25, 353–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hoy, D.; March, L.; Brooks, P.; Blyth, F.; Woolf, A.; Bain, C.; Williams, G.; Smith, E.; Vos, T.; Barendregt, J.; et al. The global burden of low back pain: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2014, 73, 968–974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vos, T.; Barber, R.M.; Bell, B.; Bertozzi-Villa, A.; Biryukov, S.; Bolliger, I.; Charlson, F.; Davis, A.; Degenhardt, L.; Dicker, D.; et al. Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived with Disability for 301 Acute and Chronic Diseases and Injuries in 188 Countries, 1990–2013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2015, 386, 743–800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maher, C.; Underwood, M.; Buchbinder, R. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet 2017, 389, 736–747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Katz, J.N. Lumbar disc disorders and low-back pain: Socioeconomic factors and consequences. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. 2006, 88 (Suppl. 2), 21–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wenig, C.M.; Schmidt, C.O.; Kohlmann, T.; Schweikert, B. Costs of back pain in Germany. Eur. J. Pain. Lond. Engl. 2009, 13, 280–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dixon, A.S.J. Progress and problems in back pain research. Rheumatology 1973, 12, 165–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hestbaek, L.; Leboeuf-Yde, C.; Manniche, C. Low back pain: What is the long-term course? A review of studies of general patient populations. Eur. Spine J. Off. Publ. Eur. Spine Soc. Eur. Spinal Deform. Soc. Eur. Sect. Cerv. Spine Res. Soc. 2003, 12, 149–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Violante, F.S.; Mattioli, S.; Bonfiglioli, R. Low-back pain. In Handbook of Clinical Neurology; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2015; pp. 397–410. [Google Scholar]
- Hancock, M.J.; Maher, C.G.; Latimer, J.; Spindler, M.F.; McAuley, J.H.; Laslett, M.; Bogduk, N. Systematic Review of Tests to Identify the Disc, SIJ or Facet Joint as the Source of Low Back Pain. Eur. Spine J. 2007, 16, 1539–1550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Manchikanti, L.; Singh, V.; Pampati, V.; Damron, K.S.; Barnhill, R.C.; Beyer, C.; Cash, K.A. Evaluation of the Rela-tive Contributions of Various Structures in Chronic Low Back Pain. Pain Physician 2001, 4, 308–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perolat, R.; Kastler, A.; Nicot, B.; Pellat, J.-M.; Tahon, F.; Attye, A.; Heck, O.; Boubagra, K.; Grand, S.; Krainik, A. Facet Joint Syndrome: From Diagnosis to Interventional Management. Insights Imaging 2018, 9, 773–789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saravanakumar, K.; Harvey, A. Lumbar Zygapophyseal (Facet) Joint Pain. Rev. Pain 2008, 2, 8–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dowdell, J.; Erwin, M.; Choma, T.; Vaccaro, A.; Iatridis, J.; Cho, S.K. Intervertebral Disk Degeneration and Repair. Neurosurgery 2017, 80, S46–S54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nachemson, A.; Lewin, T.; Maroudas, A.; Freeman, M.A. In vitro diffusion of dye through the end-plates and the annulus fibrosus of human lumbar inter-vertebral discs. Acta Orthop. Scand. 1970, 41, 589–607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Livshits, G.; Popham, M.; Malkin, I.; Sambrook, P.N.; Macgregor, A.J.; Spector, T.; Williams, F.M.K. Lumbar Disc Degeneration and Genetic Factors Are the Main Risk Factors for Low Back Pain in Women: The UK Twin Spine Study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2011, 70, 1740–1745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kalichman, L.; Hunter, D.J. The genetics of intervertebral disc degeneration. Familial predisposition and heritability estimation. Jt. Bone Spine 2008, 75, 383–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Videman, T.; Sarna, S.; Battié, M.C.; Koskinen, S.; Gill, K.; Paananen, H.; Gibbons, L. The Long-Term Effects of Physical Loading and Exercise Lifestyles on Back-Related Symptoms, Disability, and Spinal Pathology among Men. Spine 1995, 20, 699–709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liuke, M.; Solovieva, S.; Lamminen, A.; Luoma, K.; Leino-Arjas, P.; Luukkonen, R.; Riihimäki, H. Disc Degeneration of the Lumbar Spine in Relation to Overweight. Int. J. Obes. 2005, 29, 903–908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Risbud, M.V.; Shapiro, I.M. Role of cytokines in intervertebral disc degeneration: Pain and disc content. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2014, 10, 44–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kepler, C.K.; Ponnappan, R.K.; Tannoury, C.A.; Risbud, M.V.; Anderson, D.G. The molecular basis of intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine J. Off. J. N. Am. Spine Soc. 2013, 13, 318–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Panjabi, M.M. Clinical spinal instability and low back pain. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 2003, 13, 371–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walker, P.B.; Sark, C.; Brennan, G.; Smith, T.; Sherman, W.F.; Kaye, A.D. Spinal Epidural Lipomatosis: A Comprehensive Review. Orthop. Rev. 2021, 13, 25571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Patel, E.; Perloff, M. Radicular Pain Syndromes: Cervical, Lumbar, and Spinal Stenosis. Semin. Neurol. 2018, 38, 634–639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Last, A.R.; Hulbert, K. Chronic low back pain: Evaluation and management. Am. Fam. Physician 2009, 79, 1067–1074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karppinen, J.; Shen, F.H.; Luk, K.D.K.; Andersson, G.B.J.; Cheung, K.M.C.; Samartzis, D. Management of Degenerative Disk Disease and Chronic Low Back Pain. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 2011, 42, 513–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaina, F.; Côté, P.; Cancelliere, C.; Di Felice, F.; Donzelli, S.; Rauch, A.; Verville, L.; Negrini, S.; Nordin, M. A Sys-tematic Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Persons With Non-Specific Low Back Pain With and Without Radicu-lopathy: Identification of Best Evidence for Rehabilitation to Develop the WHO’s Package of Interventions for Rehabilita-tion. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2023, 104, 1913–1927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hayden, J.A.; van Tulder, M.W.; Tomlinson, G. Systematic Review: Strategies for Using Exercise Therapy To Improve Outcomes in Chronic Low Back Pain. Ann. Intern. Med. 2005, 142, 776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lambeek, L.C.; van Mechelen, W.; Knol, D.L.; Loisel, P.; Anema, J.R. Randomised controlled trial of integrated care to reduce disability from chronic low back pain in working and private life. BMJ 2010, 340, c1035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baliga, S.; Treon, K.; Craig, N.J.A. Low Back Pain: Current Surgical Approaches. Asian Spine J. 2015, 9, 645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barrey, C.Y.; Le Huec, J.-C. Chronic low back pain: Relevance of a new classification based on the injury pattern. Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. 2019, 105, 339–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Siebert, E.; Prüss, H.; Klingebiel, R.; Failli, V.; Einhäupl, K.M.; Schwab, J.M. Lumbar spinal stenosis: Syndrome, diagnostics and treatment. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2009, 5, 392–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wong, A.X.J.; Tang, D.H.; Kaliya-Perumal, A.-K.; Oh, J.Y.-L. The Evolution of Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Journey from Past to Present. Medicina 2024, 60, 378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saadeh, Y.S.; Joseph, J.R.; Smith, B.W.; Kirsch, M.J.; Sabbagh, A.M.; Park, P. Comparison of Segmental Lordosis and Global Spinopelvic Alignment After Single-Level Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion or Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion. World Neurosurg. 2019, 126, e1374–e1378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jain, D.; Verma, K.; Mulvihill, J.; Mizutani, J.; Tay, B.; Burch, S.; Deviren, V. Comparison of Stand-Alone, Transpsoas Lateral Interbody Fusion at L3-4 and Cranial vs Transforaminal Interbody Fusion at L3-4 and L4-5 for the Treatment of Lumbar Adjacent Segment Disease. Int. J. Spine Surg. 2018, 12, 469–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, D.S.; Bach, K.; Uribe, J.S. Minimally invasive anterior and lateral transpsoas approaches for closed reduction of grade II spondylolisthesis: Initial clinical and radiographic experience. Neurosurg. Focus. 2018, 44, E4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ye, Y.-P.; Hu, J.-W.; Zhang, Y.-G.; Xu, H. Impact of lumbar interbody fusion surgery on postoperative outcomes in patients with recurrent lumbar disc herniation: Analysis of the US national inpatient sample. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2019, 70, 20–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hrabalek, L.; Sternbersky, J.; Adamus, M. Risk of sympathectomy after anterior and lateral lumbar interbody fusion procedures. Biomed. Pap. 2015, 159, 318–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sembrano, J.; Tohmeh, A.; Isaacs, R. Two-year Comparative Outcomes of MIS Lateral and MIS Transforaminal Interbody Fusion in the Treatment of Degenerative Spondylolisthesis. Part. I: Clinical Findings. Spine 2016, 41, S133–S144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walker, C.T.; Farber, S.H.; Cole, T.S.; Xu, D.S.; Godzik, J.; Whiting, A.C.; Hartman, C.; Porter, R.W.; Turner, J.D.; Uribe, J. Complications for Minimally Invasive Lateral Interbody Arthrodesis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Prepsoas and Transpsoas Approaches. J. Neurosurg. Spine 2019, 30, 446–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Emami, A.; Patel, N.; Coban, D.; Saela, S.; Sinha, K.; Faloon, M.; Hwang, K.S. Comparing Clinical and Radiological Outcomes between Single-Level OLIF and XLIF: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. N. Am. Spine Soc. J. NASSJ 2023, 14, 100216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, F.; Wang, S.; Li, B.; Tian, W.; Zhou, Z.; Liu, S. Intradiscal injection for the management of low back pain. JOR Spine 2022, 5, e1186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mekhail, N.; Eldabe, S.; Templeton, E.; Costandi, S.; Rosenquist, R. Pain Management Interventions for the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin. J. Pain 2023, 39, 349–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Daste, C.; Laclau, S.; Boisson, M.; Segretin, F.; Feydy, A.; Lefèvre-Colau, M.-M.; Rannou, F.; Nguyen, C. Interverte-bral Disc Therapies for Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis. 2021, 13, 1759720X2110280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Helm Ii, S.; Harmon, P.C.; Noe, C.; Calodney, A.K.; Abd-Elsayed, A.; Knezevic, N.N.; Racz, G.B. Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Safety. Pain Physician 2021, 24, S209–S232. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Migliore, A.; Sorbino, A.; Bacciu, S.; Bellelli, A.; Frediani, B.; Tormenta, S.; Pirri, C.; Foti, C. The Technique of In-tradiscal Injection: A Narrative Review. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 2020, 16, 953–968. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spinnato, P.; Petrera, M.R.; Parmeggiani, A.; Manzetti, M.; Ruffilli, A.; Faldini, C.; D’Agostino, V.; Di Carlo, M.; Cumani, M.P.; Crombé, A.; et al. A New Comprehensive MRI Classification and Grading System for Lumbosacral Cen-tral and Lateral Stenosis: Clinical Application and Comparison with Previous Systems. Radiol. Med. 2023, 129, 93–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spinnato, P.; Ponti, F.; De Pasqua, S. MRI Diagnosis of Obesity-Related Spinal Epidural Lipomatosis. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. J. Can. Sci. Neurol. 2020, 47, 124–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- D’Agostino, V.; Petrera, M.R.; Tedesco, G.; Pipola, V.; Ponti, F.; Spinnato, P. Could Spinal Epidural Lipomatosis Be the Hallmark of Metabolic Syndrome on the Spine? A Literature Review with Emphasis on Etiology. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spinnato, P.; D’Agostino, V.; Fiorenzo, D.; Barakat, M.; Vara, G.; Ponti, F.; Filonzi, G.; Crombé, A.; Tetta, C.; Miceli, M. Underreporting of Spinal Epidural Lipomatosis: A Retrospective Analysis of Lumbosacral MRI Examinations from Different Radiological Settings. Diagn. Interv. Imaging 2022, 103, 251–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cohen, S.P.; Bhaskar, A.; Bhatia, A.; Buvanendran, A.; Deer, T.; Garg, S.; Hooten, W.M.; Hurley, R.W.; Kennedy, D.J.; McLean, B.C.; et al. Consensus Practice Guidelines on Interventions for Lumbar Facet Joint Pain from a Multispecialty, International Working Group. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. 2020, 45, 424–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Helm Ii, S.; Simopoulos, T.T.; Stojanovic, M.; Abdi, S.; El Terany, M.A. Effectiveness of Thermal Annular Procedures in Treating Discogenic Low Back Pain. Pain Physician 2017, 20, 447–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xin, J.; Wang, Y.; Zheng, Z.; Wang, S.; Na, S.; Zhang, S. Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Orthop. Surg. 2022, 14, 1271–1280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gallucci, M.; Limbucci, N.; Zugaro, L.; Barile, A.; Stavroulis, E.; Ricci, A.; Galzio, R.; Masciocchi, C. Sciatica: Treatment with Intradiscal and Intraforaminal Injections of Steroid and Oxygen-Ozone versus Steroid Only. Radiology 2007, 242, 907–913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oder, B.; Loewe, M.; Reisegger, M.; Lang, W.; Ilias, W.; Thurnher, S.A. CT-guided ozone/steroid therapy for the treatment of degenerative spinal disease—Effect of age, gender, disc pathology and multi-segmental changes. Neuroradiology 2008, 50, 777–785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Johnson, B.A.; Staats, P.S.; Wetzel, F.T.; Mathis, J.M. (Eds.) Image-Guided Spine Interventions; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Peckham, M.E.; Hutchins, T.A.; Shah, L.M. Conventional Image-Guided Procedures for Painful Spine. Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 2019, 29, 539–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Latini, E.; Curci, E.; Nusca, S.; Lacopo, A.; Musa, F.; Santoboni, F.; Trischitta, D.; Vetrano, M.; Vulpiani, M. Medical Ozone Therapy in Facet Joint Syndrome: An Overview of Sonoanatomy, Ultrasound-Guided Injection Techniques and Potential Mechanism of Action. Med. Gas Res. 2021, 11, 145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Svanbergsson, G.; Ingvarsson, Þ.; Arnardóttir, R.H. Segulómun við greiningu lendahryggsverkja: Nýting, samband við einkenni og áhrif á meðferð. Læknablaðið 2017, 2017, 17–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kvistad, K.; Espeland, A. Bildediagnostikk ved nakke-og ryggsmerter. Tidsskr. Den. Nor. Legeforening 2010, 130, 2256–2259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muto, M.; Avella, F. Percutaneous treatment of herniated lumbar disc by intradiscal oxygen-ozone injection. Interv. Neuroradiol. J. Perither. Neuroradiol. Surg. Proced. Relat. Neurosci. 1998, 4, 279–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ezeldin, M.; Leonardi, M.; Princiotta, C.; Dall’olio, M.; Tharwat, M.; Zaki, M.; Abdel-Wanis, M.E.; Cirillo, L. Percutaneous Ozone Nucleolysis for Lumbar Disc Herniation. Neuroradiology 2018, 60, 1231–1241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cao, P.; Jiang, L.; Zhuang, C.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, W.; Zheng, T. Intradiscal Injection Therapy for Degenerative Chronic Discogenic Low Back Pain with End Plate Modic Changes. Spine J. Off. J. N. Am. Spine Soc. 2011, 11, 100–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nguyen, C.; Boutron, I.; Baron, G.; Sanchez, K.; Palazzo, C.; Benchimol, R.; Paris, G.; James-Belin, É.; Lefèvre-Colau, M.-M.; Beaudreuil, J.; et al. Intradiscal Glucocorticoid Injection for Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain Associated With Active Discopathy: A Randomized Trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2017, 166, 547–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tavares, I.; Thomas, E.; Cyteval, C.; Picot, M.-C.; Manna, F.; Macioce, V.; Laffont, I.; Thouvenin, Y.; Viala, P.; Larbi, A.; et al. Intradiscal Glucocorticoids Injection in Chronic Low Back Pain with Active Discopathy: A Randomized Controlled Study. Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 2021, 64, 101396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stout, A.; Friedly, J.; Standaert, C.J. Systemic Absorption and Side Effects of Locally Injected Glucocorticoids. PM&R 2019, 11, 409–419. [Google Scholar]
- Dickson, R.R.; Reid, J.M.; Nicholson, W.T.; Lamer, T.J.; Hooten, W.M. Corticosteroid and Cortisol Serum Levels Following Intra-articular Triamcinolone Acetonide Lumbar Facet Joint Injections. Pain Pract. 2018, 18, 864–870. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Twu, J.; Patel, N.; Wolf, J.M.; Conti Mica, M. Impact of Variation of Corticosteroid Dose, Injection Site, and Multiple Injections on Blood Glucose Measurement in Diabetic Patients. J. Hand Surg. 2018, 43, 738–744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Habib, G.S.; Miari, W. The Effect of Intra-Articular Triamcinolone Preparations on Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetic Patients: A Controlled Study. J. Clin. Rheumatol. 2011, 17, 302–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ribeiro, L.H.; Furtado, R.N.V.; Konai, M.S.; Andreo, A.B.; Rosenfeld, A.; Natour, J. Effect of Facet Joint Injection Versus Systemic Steroids in Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Spine 2013, 38, 1995–2002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Annaswamy, T.M.; Armstead, C.; Carlson, L.; Elkins, N.J.; Kocak, D.; Bierner, S.M. Intra-articular Triamcinolone Versus Hyaluronate Injections for Low Back Pain With Symptoms Suggestive of Lumbar Zygapophyseal Joint Arthropathy: A Pragmatic, Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2018, 97, 278–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Manchikanti, L.; Singh, V.; Falco, F.J.E.; Cash, K.A.; Pampati, V. Lumbar facet joint nerve blocks in managing chronic facet joint pain: One-year follow-up of a randomized, double-blind controlled trial: Clinical Trial NCT00355914. Pain Physician 2008, 11, 121–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sae-Jung, S.; Jirarattanaphochai, K. Outcomes of lumbar facet syndrome treated with oral diclofenac or methylprednisolone facet injection: A randomized trial. Int. Orthop. 2016, 40, 1091–1098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wainwright, M.; Crossley, K.B. Methylene Blue—A therapeutic dye for all seasons? J. Chemother. 2002, 14, 431–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guo, X.; Ding, W.; Liu, L.; Yang, S. Intradiscal Methylene Blue Injection for Discogenic Low Back Pain: A Meta-Analysis. Pain. Pract. Off. J. World Inst. Pain 2019, 19, 118–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.-W.; Wang, R.-L.; Xu, J.; Sun, K.-Y.; Jiang, H.-M.; Sun, Z.-Y.; Lv, Z.-Y.; Xu, X.-Q.; Wu, R.; Guo, H.; et al. Methylene Blue Prevents Osteoarthritis Progression and Relieves Pain in Rats via Upregulation of Nrf2/PRDX1. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2022, 43, 417–428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Deng, M.; Huang, H.; Ma, Y.-G.; Zhou, Y.; Chen, Q.; Xie, P. Intradiskal Injection of Methylene Blue for Discogenic Back Pain: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J. Neurol. Surg. Part Cent. Eur. Neurosurg. 2021, 82, 161–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, S.-H.; Ahn, S.-H.; Cho, Y.-W.; Lee, D.-G. Effect of Intradiscal Methylene Blue Injection for the Chronic Discogenic Low Back Pain: One Year Prospective Follow-up Study. Ann. Rehabil. Med. 2012, 36, 657–664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kallewaard, J.W.; Wintraecken, V.M.; Geurts, J.W.; Willems, P.C.; van Santbrink, H.; Terwiel, C.T.M.; van Kleef, M.; van Kuijk, S.M.J. A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial on the Efficacy of Intradiscal Methylene Blue Injection for Chronic Discogenic Low Back Pain: The IMBI Study. Pain 2019, 160, 945–953. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schneider, B.J.; Hunt, C.; Conger, A.; Qu, W.; Maus, T.P.; Vorobeychik, Y.; Cheng, J.; Duszynski, B.; McCormick, Z.L. The Effectiveness of Intradiscal Biologic Treatments for Discogenic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review. Spine J. Off. J. N. Am. Spine Soc. 2022, 22, 226–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, Y.; Zhu, X.; Zhou, R.; He, Y.; Wu, Z.; Chen, Y. A narrative review of the research progress and clinical application of platelet-rich plasma. Ann. Palliat. Med. 2021, 10, 4823–4829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Akeda, K.; Yamada, J.; Linn, E.T.; Sudo, A.; Masuda, K. Platelet-rich plasma in the management of chronic low back pain: A critical review. J. Pain Res. 2019, 12, 753–767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alves, R.; Grimalt, R. A Review of Platelet-Rich Plasma: History, Biology, Mechanism of Action, and Classification. Skin. Appendage Disord. 2018, 4, 18–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vadalà, G.; Ambrosio, L.; Russo, F.; Papalia, R.; Denaro, V. Interaction between Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Intervertebral Disc Microenvironment: From Cell Therapy to Tissue Engineering. Stem Cells Int. 2019, 2019, 2376172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Croft, A.S.; Illien-Jünger, S.; Grad, S.; Guerrero, J.; Wangler, S.; Gantenbein, B. The Application of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Homing Capabilities to Regenerate the Intervertebral Disc. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pang, X.; Yang, H.; Peng, B. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for the treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain. Pain Physician 2014, 17, E525–E530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pettine, K.A.; Suzuki, R.K.; Sand, T.T.; Murphy, M.B. Autologous bone marrow concentrate intradiscal injection for the treatment of degenerative disc disease with three-year follow-up. Int. Orthop. 2017, 41, 2097–2103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Centeno, C.; Markle, J.; Dodson, E.; Stemper, I.; Williams, C.J.; Hyzy, M.; Ichim, T.; Freeman, M. Treatment of Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease-Associated Radicular Pain with Culture-Expanded Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Pilot Study on Safety and Efficacy. J. Transl. Med. 2017, 15, 197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Levi, D.; Horn, S.; Tyszko, S.; Levin, J.; Hecht-Leavitt, C.; Walko, E. Intradiscal Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection for Chronic Discogenic Low Back Pain: Preliminary Results from a Prospective Trial. Pain Med. Malden Mass. 2016, 17, 1010–1022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tuakli-Wosornu, Y.A.; Terry, A.; Boachie-Adjei, K.; Harrison, J.R.; Gribbin, C.K.; LaSalle, E.E.; Nguyen, J.T.; Solomon, J.L.; Lutz, G.E. Lumbar Intradiskal Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Injections: A Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Study. PM&R 2016, 8, 1–10; quiz 10. [Google Scholar]
- Cheng, J.; Santiago, K.A.; Nguyen, J.T.; Solomon, J.L.; Lutz, G.E. Treatment of symptomatic degenerative intervertebral discs with autologous platelet-rich plasma: Follow-up at 5–9 years. Regen. Med. 2019, 14, 831–840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hirase, T.; Jack, R.A.; Sochacki, K.R.; Harris, J.D.; Weiner, B.K. Systematic Review: Is Intradiscal Injection of Bone Marrow Concentrate for Lumbar Disc Degeneration Effective? Cureus 2020, 12, e9045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hirase, T.; Jack Ii, R.A.; Sochacki, K.R.; Harris, J.D.; Weiner, B.K. Systemic Review: Is an Intradiscal Injection of Platelet-Rich Plasma for Lumbar Disc Degeneration Effective? Cureus 2020, 12, e8831. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zheng, K.; Du, D. Recent advances of hydrogel-based biomaterials for intervertebral disc tissue treatment: A literature review. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 2021, 15, 299–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Amirdelfan, K.; Bae, H.; McJunkin, T.; DePalma, M.; Kim, K.; Beckworth, W.J.; Ghiselli, G.; Bainbridge, J.S.; Dryer, R.; Deer, T.R.; et al. Allogeneic Mesenchymal Precursor Cells Treatment for Chronic Low Back Pain Associated with Degenerative Disc Disease: A Prospective Randomized, Placebo-Controlled 36-Month Study of Safety and Efficacy. Spine J. Off. J. N. Am. Spine Soc. 2021, 21, 212–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kumar, H.; Ha, D.-H.; Lee, E.-J.; Park, J.H.; Shim, J.H.; Ahn, T.-K.; Kim, K.-T.; Ropper, A.E.; Sohn, S.; Kim, C.-H.; et al. Safety and Tolerability of Intradiscal Implantation of Combined Autologous Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Hyaluronic Acid in Patients with Chronic Discogenic Low Back Pain: 1-Year Follow-up of a Phase I Study. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2017, 8, 262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fuchs, S.; Erbe, T.; Fischer, H.-L.; Tibesku, C.O. Intraarticular Hyaluronic Acid versus Glucocorticoid Injections for Nonradicular Pain in the Lumbar Spine. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2005, 16, 1493–1498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Freemont, A.J.; Peacock, T.E.; Goupille, P.; Hoyland, J.A.; O’Brien, J.; Jayson, M.I. Nerve ingrowth into diseased intervertebral disc in chronic back pain. Lancet Lond. Engl. 1997, 350, 178–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- de Sire, A.; Agostini, F.; Lippi, L.; Mangone, M.; Marchese, S.; Cisari, C.; Bernetti, A.; Invernizzi, M. Oxygen-Ozone Therapy in the Rehabilitation Field: State of the Art on Mechanisms of Action, Safety and Effectiveness in Patients with Musculoskeletal Disorders. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hidalgo-Tallón, F.J.; Torres-Morera, L.M.; Baeza-Noci, J.; Carrillo-Izquierdo, M.D.; Pinto-Bonilla, R. Updated Review on Ozone Therapy in Pain Medicine. Front. Physiol. 2022, 13, 840623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seyam, O.; Smith, N.L.; Reid, I.; Gandhi, J.; Jiang, W.; Khan, S.A. Clinical utility of ozone therapy for musculoskeletal disorders. Med. Gas. Res. 2018, 8, 103–110. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Murphy, K.; Elias, G.; Steppan, J.; Boxley, C.; Balagurunathan, K.; Victor, X.; Meaders, T.; Muto, M. Percutaneous Treatment of Herniated Lumbar Discs with Ozone: Investigation of the Mechanisms of Action. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. JVIR 2016, 27, 1242–1250.e3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lehnert, T.; Naguib, N.N.N.; Wutzler, S.; Nour-Eldin, N.-E.A.; Bauer, R.W.; Kerl, J.M.; Vogl, T.J.; Balzer, J.O. Analysis of Disk Volume before and after CT-Guided Intradiscal and Periganglionic Ozone-Oxygen Injection for the Treatment of Lumbar Disk Herniation. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. JVIR 2012, 23, 1430–1436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Buric, J.; Rigobello, L.; Hooper, D. Five and ten year follow-up on intradiscal ozone injection for disc herniation. Int. J. Spine Surg. 2014, 8, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bruno, F.; Smaldone, F.; Varrassi, M.; Arrigoni, F.; Barile, A.; Di Cesare, E.; Masciocchi, C.; Splendiani, A. MRI Findings in Lumbar Spine Following O2-O3 Chemiodiscolysis: A Long-Term Follow-Up. Interv. Neuroradiol. J. Perither. Neuroradiol. Surg. Proced. Relat. Neurosci. 2017, 23, 444–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Blanco, F.J.; Ochs, R.L.; Schwarz, H.; Lotz, M. Chondrocyte apoptosis induced by nitric oxide. Am. J. Pathol. 1995, 146, 75–85. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Migliorini, F.; Maffulli, N.; Eschweiler, J.; Bestch, M.; Tingart, M.; Baroncini, A. Ozone injection therapy for intervertebral disc herniation. Br. Med. Bull. 2020, 136, 88–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giurazza, F.; Guarnieri, G.; Murphy, K.J.; Muto, M. Intradiscal O2O3: Rationale, Injection Technique, Short- and Long-term Outcomes for the Treatment of Low Back Pain Due to Disc Herniation. Can. Assoc. Radiol. J. 2017, 68, 171–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Muto, M.; Ambrosanio, G.; Guarnieri, G.; Capobianco, E.; Piccolo, G.; Annunziata, G.; Rotondo, A. Low Back Pain and Sciatica: Treatment with Intradiscal-Intraforaminal O(2)-O(3) Injection. Our Experience. Radiol. Med. 2008, 113, 695–706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonetti, M.; Fontana, A.; Cotticelli, B.; Volta, G.D.; Guindani, M.; Leonardi, M. Intraforaminal O(2)-O(3) versus periradicular steroidal infiltrations in lower back pain: Randomized controlled study. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2005, 26, 996–1000. [Google Scholar]
- Andreula, C.F.; Simonetti, L.; De Santis, F.; Agati, R.; Ricci, R.; Leonardi, M. Minimally invasive oxygen-ozone therapy for lumbar disk herniation. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2003, 24, 996–1000. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Ercalik, T.; Kilic, M. Efficacy of Intradiscal Ozone Therapy with or without Periforaminal Steroid Injection on Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Double-Blinded Controlled Study. Pain Physician 2020, 23, 477–484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Y.; Ma, Y.; Jiang, J.; Ding, T.; Wang, J. Treatment of the lumbar disc herniation with intradiscal and intraforaminal injection of oxygen-ozone. J. Back. Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 2013, 26, 317–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muto, M.; Andreula, C.; Leonardi, M. Treatment of herniated lumbar disc by intradiscal and intraforaminal oxygen-ozone (O2-O3) injection. J. Neuroradiol. 2004, 31, 183–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Clavo, B.; Robaina, F.; Urrutia, G.; Bisshopp, S.; Ramallo, Y.; Szolna, A.; Caramés, M.A.; Fiuza, M.D.; Linertová, R. Ozone Therapy versus Surgery for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial. Complement. Ther. Med. 2021, 59, 102724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kelekis, A.; Bonaldi, G.; Cianfoni, A.; Filippiadis, D.; Scarone, P.; Bernucci, C.; Hooper, D.M.; Benhabib, H.; Murphy, K.; Buric, J. Intradiscal Oxygen-Ozone Chemonucleolysis versus Microdiscectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniation Radiculopathy: A Non-Inferiority Randomized Control Trial. Spine J. Off. J. N. Am. Spine Soc. 2022, 22, 895–909. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steppan, J.; Meaders, T.; Muto, M.; Murphy, K.J. A metaanalysis of the effectiveness and safety of ozone treatments for herniated lumbar discs. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2010, 21, 534–548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Facchini, G.; Spinnato, P.; Guglielmi, G.; Albisinni, U.; Bazzocchi, A. A comprehensive review of pulsed radiofrequency in the treatment of pain associated with different spinal conditions. Br. J. Radiol. 2017, 90, 20150406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wood, B.J.; Ramkaransingh, J.R.; Fojo, T.; Walther, M.M.; Libutti, S.K. Percutaneous tumor ablation with radiofrequency. Cancer 2002, 94, 443–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marliana, A.; Setyopranoto, I.; Setyaningsih, I.; Rhatomy, S. The Effect of Pulsed Radiofrequency on Radicular Pain in Lumbal Herniated Nucleus Pulposus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Anesthesiol. Pain Med. 2021, 11, e111420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trinidad, J.M.; Carnota, A.I.; Failde, I.; Torres, L.M. Radiofrequency for the Treatment of Lumbar Radicular Pain: Impact on Surgical Indications. Pain Res. Treat. 2015, 2015, 392856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, Z.; Yan, M.; Dai, Y.; Qiu, W.; Deng, S.; Gu, X. Percutaneous bipolar radiofrequency thermocoagulation for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2016, 30, 39–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Imani, F. Using Pulsed Radiofrequency for Chronic Pain. Anesthesiol. Pain Med. 2012, 1, 155–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imani, F.; Gharaei, H.; Rezvani, M. Pulsed Radiofrequency of Lumbar Dorsal Root Ganglion for Chronic Postamputation Phantom Pain. Anesthesiol. Pain Med. 2012, 1, 194–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Böning, G.; Hartwig, T.; Freyhardt, P.; de Bucourt, M.; Teichgräber, U.; Streitparth, F. MR-guided lumbar facet radiofrequency denervation for treatment of patients with chronic low back pain in an open 1.0 Tesla MRI system. Ann. Transl. Med. 2021, 9, 1056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sansone, P.; Giaccari, L.G.; Lippiello, A.; Aurilio, C.; Paladini, A.; Passavanti, M.B.; Pota, V.; Pace, M.C. Pulsed Radiofrequency for Lumbar Facet Joint Pain: A Viable Therapeutic Option? A Retrospective Observational Study. Pain Ther. 2020, 9, 573–582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baron, R.; Binder, A.; Attal, N.; Casale, R.; Dickenson, A.H.; Treede, R. Neuropathic low back pain in clinical practice. Eur. J. Pain 2016, 20, 861–873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Leggett, L.E.; Soril, L.J.; Lorenzetti, D.L.; Noseworthy, T.; Steadman, R.; Tiwana, S.; Clement, F. Radiofrequency Ablation for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Pain Res. Manag. 2014, 19, e146–e153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Çetin, A.; Yektaş, A. Evaluation of the Short- and Long-Term Effectiveness of Pulsed Radiofrequency and Conventional Radiofrequency Performed for Medial Branch Block in Patients with Lumbar Facet Joint Pain. Pain. Res. Manag. 2018, 2018, 7492753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, S.P.; Hurley, R.W.; Buckenmaier, C.C.; Kurihara, C.; Morlando, B.; Dragovich, A. Randomized Placebo-controlled Study Evaluating Lateral Branch Radiofrequency Denervation for Sacroiliac Joint Pain. Anesthesiology 2008, 109, 279–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patel, N.; Gross, A.; Brown, L.; Gekht, G. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study to Assess the Efficacy of Lateral Branch Neurotomy for Chronic Sacroiliac Joint Pain. Pain Med. 2012, 13, 383–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Erdine, S.; Ozyalcin, N.S.; Cimen, A.; Celik, M.; Talu, G.K.; Disci, R. Comparison of pulsed radiofrequency with conventional radiofrequency in the treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Eur. J. Pain 2007, 11, 309–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aurilio, C.; Pota, V.; Pace, M.C.; Passavanti, M.B.; Barbarisi, M. Ionic channels and neuropathic pain: Phisiopatology and applications. J. Cell Physiol. 2008, 215, 8–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chua, N.H.L.; Vissers, K.C.; Sluijter, M.E. Pulsed radiofrequency treatment in interventional pain management: Mechanisms and potential indications—A review. Acta Neurochir. 2011, 153, 763–771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, C.H.; Lee, S.H.; Lee, P.B. Intradiscal Pulsed Radiofrequency Application Duration Effect on Lumbar Discogenic Low Back Pain. Pain Physician 2020, 23, E535–E540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Napoli, A.; Alfieri, G.; Scipione, R.; Andrani, F.; Leonardi, A.; Catalano, C. Pulsed radiofrequency for low-back pain and sciatica. Expert. Rev. Med. Devices 2020, 17, 83–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaye, E.A.; Monette, S.; Srimathveeravalli, G.; Maybody, M.; Solomon, S.B.; Gulati, A. MRI-guided focused ultrasound ablation of lumbar medial branch nerve: Feasibility and safety study in a swine model. Int. J. Hyperth. 2016, 32, 786–794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harnof, S.; Zibly, Z.; Shay, L.; Dogadkin, O.; Hanannel, A.; Inbar, Y.; Goor-Aryeh, I.; Caspi, I. Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound Treatment of Facet Joint Pain: Summary of Preclinical Phase. J. Ther. Ultrasound 2014, 2, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weeks, E.M.; Platt, M.W.; Gedroyc, W. MRI-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) to treat facet joint osteoarthritis low back pain—Case series of an innovative new technique. Eur. Radiol. 2012, 22, 2822–2835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dupuy, D.E.; Hong, R.; Oliver, B.; Goldberg, S.N. Radiofrequency Ablation of Spinal Tumors: Temperature Distribution in the Spinal Canal. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2000, 175, 1263–1266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vanderschueren, G.M.; Obermann, W.R.; Dijkstra, S.P.D.; Taminiau, A.H.M.; Bloem, J.L.; van Erkel, A.R. Radiofrequency Ablation of Spinal Osteoid Osteoma: Clinical Outcome. Spine 2009, 34, 901–903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- van der Linden, E.; Kroft, L.J.M.; Dijkstra, P.D.S. Treatment of Vertebral Tumor with Posterior Wall Defect Using Image-guided Radiofrequency Ablation Combined with Vertebroplasty: Preliminary Results in 12 Patients. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2007, 18, 741–747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Napoli, A.; Alfieri, G.; De Maio, A.; Panella, E.; Scipione, R.; Facchini, G.; Albisinni, U.; Spinnato, P.; Nardis, P.G.; Tramutoli, R.; et al. CT-Guided Pulsed Radiofrequency Combined with Steroid Injection for Sciatica from Herniated Disk: A Randomized Trial. Radiology 2023, 307, e221478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Onggo, J.R.; Nambiar, M.; Maingard, J.T.; Phan, K.; Marcia, S.; Manfrè, L.; Hirsch, J.A.; Chandra, R.V.; Buckland, A.J. The Use of Minimally Invasive Interspinous Process Devices for the Treatment of Lumbar Canal Stenosis: A Narrative Literature Review. J. Spine Surg. 2021, 7, 394–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Phan, K.; Rao, P.J.; Ball, J.R.; Mobbs, R.J. Interspinous process spacers versus traditional decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Spine Surg. 2016, 2, 31–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Poetscher, A.W.; Gentil, A.F.; Ferretti, M.; Lenza, M. Interspinous process devices for treatment of degenerative lumbar spine stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bekelis K, editor. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0199623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Filippiadis, D.K.; Kelekis, A. A review of percutaneous techniques for low back pain and neuralgia: Current trends in epidural infiltrations, intervertebral disk and facet joint therapies. Br. J. Radiol. 2016, 89, 20150357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marcia, S.; Saba, L.; Anselmetti, G.C.; Marini, S.; Piras, E.; Marras, M.; Masala, S.; Georgy, B. Effectiveness of Percutaneous Screws for Treatment of Degenerative Lumbar Low Back Pain. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 2014, 37, 1329–1335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Amoretti, N.; Amoretti, M.-E.; Hovorka, I.; Hauger, O.; Boileau, P.; Huwart, L. Percutaneous Facet Screw Fixation of Lumbar Spine with CT and Fluoroscopic Guidance: A Feasibility Study. Radiology 2013, 268, 548–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lilius, G.; Laasonen, E.; Myllynen, P.; Harilainen, A.; Gronlund, G. Lumbar facet joint syndrome. A randomised clinical trial. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br. 1989, 71-B, 681–684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carette, S.; Marcoux, S.; Truchon, R.; Grondin, C.; Gagnon, J.; Allard, Y.; Latulippe, M. A Controlled Trial of Corticosteroid Injections into Facet Joints for Chronic Low Back Pain. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991, 325, 1002–1007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maas, E.T.; Ostelo, R.W.; Niemisto, L.; Jousimaa, J.; Hurri, H.; Malmivaara, A.; Van Tulder, M.W. Radiofrequency Denervation for Chronic Low Back Pain. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015, 2015, CD008572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cazzato, R.L.; De Rubeis, G.; De Marini, P.; Auloge, P.; Dalili, D.; Weiss, J.; Koch, G.; Rao, P.P.; Boatta, E.; Garnon, J.; et al. Interventional Radiology Outpatient Clinics (IROC): Clinical Impact and Patient Satisfaction. Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol. 2021, 44, 118–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Imaging Guidance | Advantages | Disadvantages | Uses |
---|---|---|---|
Ultrasound |
|
|
|
MRI |
|
|
|
CT |
|
|
|
Fluoroscopy |
|
|
|
Drug/Material | Advantages | Disadvantages | Indications |
---|---|---|---|
Glucocorticoids [66,67] |
|
|
|
Methylene Blue [76,77,78,79,80,81,100] |
|
|
|
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) [82,83,84,85] |
|
|
|
Mesenchymal Stem cells (MSCs) [86,87] |
|
|
|
Hydrogel [96] |
|
|
|
Second Level Procedures | Advantages | Disadvantages | Main Indication |
---|---|---|---|
Radiofrequency | Relatively less expensive; Can be US-guided, MR or CT guided | Non-target ablation: skin burns | Continuous: Facet joint OA Pulsed: Discogenic pain |
Ozone therapy | Can be a curable option | Higher rate of complications in inexperienced operators; the necessity of CT or MR guidance | Discogenic pain |
MRgFUS | Non-invasive option with optimal real-time monitoring | High cost and long procedure with inexperienced operators | Facet joint OA |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Taninokuchi Tomassoni, M.; Braccischi, L.; Russo, M.; Adduci, F.; Calautti, D.; Girolami, M.; Vita, F.; Ruffilli, A.; Manzetti, M.; Ponti, F.; et al. Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Treatment Options for Degenerative Lumbar Spine Disease: A Practical Overview of Current Possibilities. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 1147. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14111147
Taninokuchi Tomassoni M, Braccischi L, Russo M, Adduci F, Calautti D, Girolami M, Vita F, Ruffilli A, Manzetti M, Ponti F, et al. Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Treatment Options for Degenerative Lumbar Spine Disease: A Practical Overview of Current Possibilities. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(11):1147. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14111147
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaninokuchi Tomassoni, Makoto, Lorenzo Braccischi, Mattia Russo, Francesco Adduci, Davide Calautti, Marco Girolami, Fabio Vita, Alberto Ruffilli, Marco Manzetti, Federico Ponti, and et al. 2024. "Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Treatment Options for Degenerative Lumbar Spine Disease: A Practical Overview of Current Possibilities" Diagnostics 14, no. 11: 1147. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14111147