Cutaneous Adverse Reactions and Survival Outcomes of Advanced Melanoma Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in an Academic Medical Centre in Singapore
1
Department of Dermatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
2
Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
3
Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 168583, Singapore
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2024, 14(15), 1601; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14151601
Submission received: 6 June 2024
/
Revised: 17 July 2024
/
Accepted: 22 July 2024
/
Published: 25 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Management of Skin Cancer)
Abstract
:Programmed cell death-1 (PD1) inhibitors, a form of immune checkpoint inhibitor, are efficacious for metastatic melanoma but are associated with cutaneous adverse reactions (CARs). Studies in Europe and North America showed that CARs are associated with an increased overall survival. However, studies from Asia showed mixed results. There is a paucity of data regarding the efficacy of PD1 inhibitors and the effect of CARs on overall survival from Southeast Asia. A retrospective study of patients in the National Cancer Centre Singapore who were diagnosed with melanoma between 2015 and 2020 was conducted. Patients were included in the study if they had stage IV melanoma (advanced melanoma). Sixty-two patients were included in the study. The median age was 62.5 years and acral melanoma was the commonest subtype. Forty-three patients received PD1 inhibitors. Comparing patients who did not receive PD1 inhibitors to patients who received PD1 inhibitors, the former had a median overall survival of 6 months (95% CI: 5.07, 6.93), whereas the latter had a median overall survival of 21 months (95% CI: 13.33, 28.67; p < 0.001) (Hazard ratio 0.32; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.63; p = 0.001). Amongst patients who received PD1 inhibitors, patients who developed CARs had a greater median overall survival of 33 months (95% CI: 17.27, 48.73) compared to 15 months (95% CI: 9.20, 20.80; p = 0.013) for patients who did not (HR 0.29; 95% CI: 0.098, 0.834; p = 0.022). This study provides insight into the outcomes of metastatic melanoma in Singapore, and adds to the body of evidence supporting the use of PD1 inhibitors in Asians.
1. Introduction
Metastatic melanoma is associated with poor prognosis and high mortality [1]. The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting programmed cell death-1 (PD1) pathways has changed the landscape of melanoma therapy [2]. By blocking the inhibitory pathway between T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells or tumour cells, ICIs restore the immune response of effector T cells to tumour cells [2]. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab are examples of ICIs that bind PD1 on T cells, inhibiting the binding of PD1 to its ligand on tumour cells [2].
Multiple large-scale phase III trials studying the impact of PD1 inhibitors on metastatic melanoma outcomes have shown favourable results, but were conducted primarily in white populations [3,4,5]. As the spectrum of melanoma differs between Asian and white populations, it is important to investigate if these findings can be extended to Asian populations. However, there are limited data on the efficacy of PD1 inhibitors in Asian melanoma populations, with few studies on advanced melanoma conducted in Japan and China [6,7,8,9,10]. At present, there are no studies on PD1 inhibitor outcomes for metastatic melanoma in Singapore or Southeast Asia, where Singapore is located.
The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors can result in the development of immune-related adverse events. The development of cutaneous adverse reactions (CARs) was associated with increased overall survival in many studies of predominantly white patients in Europe [11,12,13,14], Canada [15] and America [16]. On the other hand, the impact of CARs on overall survival in Asian populations is less clear, with reports of CARs being associated with increased [6,17,18,19] or decreased [20] overall survival, with multiple reports showing inconclusive data [21,22]. Of note, there is a paucity of data from Southeast Asia.
The aims of this study are two-fold: to investigate the impact of anti-PD1 inhibitors on overall survival in metastatic melanoma, and to describe the cutaneous adverse reactions to anti-PD1 inhibitors in Singapore melanoma patients and their effect on overall survival.
2. Materials and Methods
A total of 195 patients with melanoma diagnosed between 2015 and 2021 at the National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS) were retrospectively analysed. Consent was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the NCCS (CIRB: 2018/3065). The details of the patients’ baseline demographics, clinical presentation, treatment and survival data were collected.
Staging was carried out according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system (8th Edition) [23]. BRAF and cKIT mutations were analysed using next generation sequencing. Overall survival (OS) was computed from the date of diagnosis of stage IV melanoma to the date of demise or last follow-up (for surviving patients). Alive or lost to follow-up patients were censored at the last follow-up date. The median survival time was analysed using the Kaplan–Meier method and differences in survival curves between groups of patients were compared using the log-rank test. A univariate analysis of the association between prognostic factors and survival was performed using the Cox proportional hazard model. For continuous variables, the Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the medians between the two groups. Counts and percentages were reported for categorical variables, and the chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test (when more than 20% of the cells had expected frequencies < 5) were used to test for differences between groups. A 2-sided p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics software version 28.
3. Results
3.1. Patient Demographics
A total of 62 patients with stage IV melanoma diagnosed between 2015 and 2021 at the National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS) were identified (Table 1). Patients who were diagnosed at stage IV or who subsequently progressed to stage IV disease were included in the study. The median age was 62.5 years. There was a predominance of Chinese (74.2%) followed by Malay patients (9.7%), reflecting the ethnic composition of Singapore. Acral melanoma was the commonest subtype seen (38.7%), followed by cutaneous (33.9%) and mucosal melanoma (27.4%). Further details of each subtype can be found in Supplementary Tables S1 and S2. Most patients had metastases in non-central nervous system (CNS) visceral organs (74.2%). A subset of patients opted to undergo testing for BRAF and/or cKIT mutations. Amongst the patients who were tested for BRAF or cKIT mutations, 28% had BRAF mutations and 19.5% had cKIT mutations.
Forty-three patients received treatment with PD1 inhibitors, either pembrolizumab (22.6%), nivolumab (24.2%) or both (22.6%). Nineteen patients did not receive PD1 inhibitors; these patients were given the best supportive care (seven patients), dabrafenib with trametinib (four patients), imatinib (three patients), other systemic therapies (three patients) or radiotherapy (three patients) alone or in combination with other previously mentioned therapies. For the entire cohort of 62 patients, the median overall survival was 10 months, and the median follow-up time was 9.5 months (Table 1).
3.2. Survival Analysis
The prognostic impact of age, gender, ethnicity, melanoma subtype, M category (extent of distant metastasis), BRAF mutational status, cKIT mutational status, PD1 inhibitor therapy and the use of non-PD1 inhibitor systemic therapies on overall survival was analysed. In univariable analysis, only the use of the PD1 inhibitor was associated with increased overall survival (Table 2). Comparing patients who did not receive PD1 inhibitors to patients who received PD1 inhibitors, the former had a median overall survival of 6 months, whereas the latter had a median overall survival of 21 months (p < 0.001, Figure 1a, Table 3). Amongst those who received PD1 inhibitors, 25 patients received PD1 inhibitors alone, and 18 also received non-PD1 therapy. The median overall survival for patients receiving PD1 inhibitors alone was 25 months compared to 17 months for patients who also received other therapies (p = 0.197). Although patients who received PD1 inhibitors had a lower median age (60 years) than patients who did not receive PD1 inhibitors (69 years, p = 0.008), age was not a significant prognostic factor in the univariate analysis for overall survival (Table 2). In addition, the multivariable analysis of overall survival in patients receiving PD1 inhibitors showed that age was not a significant factor in affecting overall survival, whereas the development of cutaneous adverse reactions was significant (Supplementary Table S3).
3.3. Cutaneous Adverse Reactions
There are limited data from Asia regarding the impact of cutaneous adverse reactions on overall survival. In this study, 11 patients who received PD1 inhibitors developed cutaneous adverse reactions whereas 32 patients did not. Comparing the two populations, patients who developed CARs had a greater median overall survival of 33 months (95% CI: 17.27, 48.73) compared to 15 months (95% CI: 9.20, 20.80; p = 0.013) for patients who did not develop CARs (HR 0.29; 95% CI: 0.098, 0.834; p = 0.022, Table 4, Figure 1b). A comparison of the two groups of patients showed that there was no difference in age, gender, ethnicity, melanoma subtype, M category, BRAF mutational status, cKIT mutational status and the use of non-PD1 inhibitor systemic therapies before or after PD1-inhibitor treatment (Table 4). Patients who developed CARs were predominantly ethnically Chinese, although this was not significant when compared with patients who did not develop CARs (Table 4).
The commonest cutaneous adverse reaction to PD1 inhibitors was vitiligo (four patients), followed by eczema exacerbation (three patients), lichenoid dermatitis (two patients), psoriasiform eruption (one patient) and exanthem (one patient) (Table 5). One patient had both vitiligo and bullous pemphigoid. Skin biopsies for histological analyses were performed for patients presenting with bullae, lichenoid and psoriasiform eruptions, which all showed dermal eosinophils, supporting a drug-induced cause of the cutaneous manifestations (Table 5). Cutaneous adverse reactions developed following both pembrolizumab and nivolumab use, and in all melanoma subtypes, although there was an over-representation of acral melanoma cases. One patient had to discontinue PD1 inhibitor therapy due to pneumonitis and another patient discontinued PD1 inhibitor therapy due to extensive bullous pemphigoid, which was resolved with the use of topical corticosteroids and oral doxycycline.
4. Discussion
Given that the population in Asia has been projected to grow by 44% between 2000 and 2050 [24], the absolute number of melanoma cases can also be expected to increase, highlighting the need for more data on the treatment of melanoma in Asian populations. This study provides insight into the demographics and outcomes of metastatic melanoma in Singapore. Previous studies on melanoma have limited data on stage IV melanoma, and no data on PD1 inhibitor outcomes [25,26,27,28]. In this study, acral melanoma was the commonest subtype, whereas in previous studies, non-acral cutaneous melanoma was commonest when the study population predominantly consisted of stage I-III melanoma and mucosal, ocular and melanoma of unknown primary were included in the study population [26]. In other Singaporean studies of only cutaneous melanoma at predominantly stage I-III, acral lentiginous melanoma was the most common histological subtype [25,28,29]. In studies involving mainly white patients, non-acral cutaneous melanoma was the most common subtype in advanced melanoma [30], reinforcing the differences in melanoma subtypes between ethnicities.
In this study, the median overall survival of patients with PD1 inhibitors was 21 months (median follow-up 9.5 months), which is similar to studies in Japan (OS = 16.93 months, median follow-up unknown) [6] and China (OS = 16 months, median follow-up 11 months) [8]. Mucosal melanoma constituted the highest proportion of patients in the Japanese study [6], whereas acral melanoma was predominant in the Chinese study [8], similar to this study. In the landmark CheckMate 037 study, which consisted primarily of patients from Europe and America, the median overall survival of patients on nivolumab was 15.7 months with a median follow-up of 2 years, but the melanoma subtypes were not stated [5]. In terms of the long-term follow-up of results, the CheckMate 067 trial, which also consisted primarily of white patients from Europe and America, followed 945 patients for at least 5 years, and the median overall survival was more than 60 months for the nivolumab with ipilimumab group [3]. A small Japanese study of 24 patients with mainly acral melanoma treated with nivolumab showed an overall survival of 32.9 months with a median follow-up of 32.9 months and a longer overall survival than other Asian studies; this could be attributed to the longer follow-up time [7]. Larger studies of Asian melanoma patients with longer follow-up durations are required to compare longer-term results with PD1 inhibitors between Asian and white populations.
A subset of patients in this study developed cutaneous adverse reactions to PD1 inhibitors, and this was associated with an increased overall survival, similar to findings from a study in China [18] and some studies from Japan [6,17,19], but differing from other studies from Japan and Taiwan [20,22,31]. Larger studies are required for the generalisation to other Asian populations.
The pathophysiology underlying the association between CARs and overall survival has not been completely elucidated. There are several postulated mechanisms to explain the association between CARs due to PD1 inhibitors and overall survival. One possible mechanism involves shared antigens between melanocytes and melanoma cells, such as tyrosinase and related proteins TRP-1 and TRP-2, gp100 and Melan-A [32]. It is possible that the development of vitiligo indicates an immune reaction towards both normal melanocytes and melanoma cells following PD1 inhibitor administration. In addition, it has been demonstrated that PD1 blockade overcomes T cell exhaustion, leading to the activation of the T cell population both in the tumour microenvironment and systemically [33,34]. As eczema, psoriasis, lichenoid eruptions and vitiligo are T-cell-mediated processes [35], the development of such cutaneous reactions might indicate a robust anti-tumour response and thus improved outcomes.
A previous population-based epidemiological study showed that mucosal melanoma from different anatomical sites exhibited different survival outcomes, with localised pharyngeal, gastroesophageal and vaginal mucosal melanoma exhibiting outcomes that were as poor as metastatic disease, despite aggressive local therapy [36]. Our study included 17 cases of mucosal melanoma, which consisted of melanoma of the anorectum (4 cases), head and neck (6 cases), oesophagus (1 case) and vagina/vulva (6 cases) (Supplementary Table S1). Another study of mucosal melanoma in Chinese patients found genetic variation in mucosal melanoma samples across different body sites, with a reduced overall survival in oesophagus and small bowel melanoma cases [37]. The small number of cases in each site in our study precludes a similar analysis, which would be beneficial in future studies.
Our study has limitations. This was a retrospective study with inherent limitations of incomplete data collection, especially with regard to other epidemiological risk factors such as family history and lifetime sun exposure. Nine cases were lost to follow-up. The number of cases in our study was small, but this is a reflection of the low incidence of melanoma in our population.
5. Conclusions
In conclusion, this study adds to the growing body of evidence on the benefit of PD1 inhibitors in Asians. Our study also demonstrates that the development of cutaneous adverse reactions can be associated with an increased overall survival in some patients with metastatic melanoma. Future mechanistic studies would be helpful to tease out the specific pathophysiology underlying this association and aid the prognostication of response to PD1 inhibitors.
Supplementary Materials
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/diagnostics14151601/s1, Table S1: Sites of melanoma; Table S2: Histological details of cutaneous melanoma cases; Table S3: Analysis of factors affecting overall survival in patients receiving PD1 inhibitors using the multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression model (n = 43).
Author Contributions
Conceptualisation, A.Y.-L.L., J.Y.C. and C.C.O.; methodology, A.Y.-L.L., J.Y.C. and C.C.O.; formal analysis, A.Y.-L.L., J.Y.C. and C.C.O.; investigation, A.Y.-L.L., J.Y.C. and C.C.O.; writing—original draft preparation, A.Y.-L.L., J.Y.C. and C.C.O.; writing—review and editing, A.Y.-L.L., J.Y.C. and C.C.O.; visualisation, A.Y.-L.L.; funding acquisition, J.Y.C. and C.C.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the Singapore Ministry of Health’s National Medical Research Council under its Transition Award (TA21jun-0005) and RTF Seed Fund (SEEDFD21jun-0002) (for J.Y.C.), and Transition Award (TA21jun-0002) and RTF Fund (RTF21nov-004) (for C.C.O.).
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the National Cancer Centre Singapore (protocol code 2018/3065, approval date 05/02/2024).
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Materials; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
References
- Ferlay, J.; Colombet, M.; Soerjomataram, I.; Mathers, C.; Parkin, D.M.; Piñeros, M.; Znaor, A.; Bray, F. Estimating the Global Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN Sources and Methods. Int. J. Cancer 2019, 144, 1941–1953. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sanmamed, M.F.; Chen, L. A Paradigm Shift in Cancer Immunotherapy: From Enhancement to Normalization. Cell 2018, 175, 313–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Larkin, J.; Chiarion-Sileni, V.; Gonzalez, R.; Grob, J.-J.; Rutkowski, P.; Lao, C.D.; Cowey, C.L.; Schadendorf, D.; Wagstaff, J.; Dummer, R.; et al. Five-Year Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2019, 381, 1535–1546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Larkin, J.; Chiarion-Sileni, V.; Gonzalez, R.; Grob, J.-J.; Cowey, C.L.; Lao, C.D.; Schadendorf, D.; Dummer, R.; Smylie, M.; Rutkowski, P.; et al. Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab or Monotherapy in Untreated Melanoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015, 373, 23–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Larkin, J.; Minor, D.; D’Angelo, S.; Neyns, B.; Smylie, M.; Miller, W.H., Jr.; Gutzmer, R.; Linette, G.; Chmielowski, B.; Lao, C.D.; et al. Overall Survival in Patients with Advanced Melanoma Who Received Nivolumab Versus Investigator’s Choice Chemotherapy in CheckMate 037: A Randomized, Controlled, Open-Label Phase III Trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 2017, 36, 383–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yamazaki, N.; Takenouchi, T.; Nakamura, Y.; Takahashi, A.; Namikawa, K.; Kitano, S.; Fujita, T.; Kubota, K.; Yamanaka, T.; Kawakami, Y. Prospective Observational Study of the Efficacy of Nivolumab in Japanese Patients with Advanced Melanoma (CREATIVE Study). Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 2021, 51, 1232–1241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yamazaki, N.; Kiyohara, Y.; Uhara, H.; Uehara, J.; Fujisawa, Y.; Takenouchi, T.; Otsuka, M.; Uchi, H.; Ihn, H.; Hatsumichi, M.; et al. Long-term Follow up of Nivolumab in Previously Untreated Japanese Patients with Advanced or Recurrent Malignant Melanoma. Cancer Sci. 2019, 110, 1995–2003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wen, X.; Ding, Y.; Li, J.; Zhao, J.; Peng, R.; Li, D.; Zhu, B.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, X. The Experience of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Chinese Patients with Metastatic Melanoma: A Retrospective Case Series. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2017, 66, 1153–1162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nakamura, Y.; Namikawa, K.; Yoshino, K.; Yoshikawa, S.; Uchi, H.; Goto, K.; Nakamura, Y.; Fukushima, S.; Kiniwa, Y.; Takenouchi, T.; et al. Anti-PD1 Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Acral Melanoma: A Multicenter Study of 193 Japanese Patients. Ann. Oncol. 2020, 31, 1198–1206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, L.; Yang, Y.; Ma, B.; Li, W.; Li, T.; Han, L.; Zhang, Y.; Shang, Y.-M.; Lin, H.; Gao, Q. Factors Influencing the Efficacy of Anti-PD-1 Therapy in Chinese Patients with Advanced Melanoma. J. Oncol. 2019, 2019, 6454989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bottlaender, L.; Amini-Adle, M.; Maucort-Boulch, D.; Robinson, P.; Thomas, L.; Dalle, S. Cutaneous Adverse Events: A Predictor of Tumour Response under Anti-PD-1 Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma, a Cohort Analysis of 189 Patients. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2020, 34, 2096–2105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dousset, L.; Pacaud, A.; Barnetche, T.; Kostine, M.; Dutriaux, C.; Pham-Ledard, A.; Beylot-Barry, M.; Gérard, E.; Prey, S.; Andreu, N.; et al. Analysis of Tumor Response and Clinical Factors Associated with Vitiligo in Patients Receiving Anti–Programmed Cell Death-1 Therapies for Melanoma: A Cross-Sectional Study. JAAD Int. 2021, 5, 112–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Indini, A.; Guardo, L.D.; Cimminiello, C.; Prisciandaro, M.; Randon, G.; Braud, F.D.; Vecchio, M.D. Immune-Related Adverse Events Correlate with Improved Survival in Patients Undergoing Anti-PD1 Immunotherapy for Metastatic Melanoma. J. Cancer Res. Clin. 2019, 145, 511–521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Villa-Crespo, L.; Podlipnik, S.; Anglada, N.; Izquierdo, C.; Giavedoni, P.; Iglesias, P.; Dominguez, M.; Aya, F.; Arance, A.; Malvehy, J.; et al. Timeline of Adverse Events during Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Advanced Melanoma and Their Impacts on Survival. Cancers 2022, 14, 1237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Holstead, R.G.; Kartolo, B.A.; Hopman, W.M.; Baetz, T.D. Impact of the Development of Immune Related Adverse Events in Metastatic Melanoma Treated with PD-1 Inhibitors. Melanoma Res. 2021, 31, 258–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Freeman-Keller, M.; Kim, Y.; Cronin, H.; Richards, A.; Gibney, G.; Weber, J.S. Nivolumab in Resected and Unresectable Metastatic Melanoma: Characteristics of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Association with Outcomes. Clin. Cancer Res. 2016, 22, 886–894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nakamura, Y.; Tanaka, R.; Asami, Y.; Teramoto, Y.; Imamura, T.; Sato, S.; Maruyama, H.; Fujisawa, Y.; Matsuya, T.; Fujimoto, M.; et al. Correlation between Vitiligo Occurrence and Clinical Benefit in Advanced Melanoma Patients Treated with Nivolumab: A Multi-institutional Retrospective Study. J. Dermatol. 2017, 44, 117–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, J.-J.; Wen, X.-Z.; Ding, Y.; Li, D.-D.; Zhu, B.-Y.; Li, J.-J.; Weng, D.-S.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, X.-S. Association between Immune-Related Adverse Events and Efficacy of PD-1 Inhibitors in Chinese Patients with Advanced Melanoma. Aging 2020, 12, 10663–10675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yamazaki, N.; Kiyohara, Y.; Uhara, H.; Uehara, J.; Fujimoto, M.; Takenouchi, T.; Otsuka, M.; Uchi, H.; Ihn, H.; Minami, H. Efficacy and Safety of Nivolumab in Japanese Patients with Previously Untreated Advanced Melanoma: A Phase II Study. Cancer Sci. 2017, 108, 1223–1230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fujisawa, Y.; Yoshino, K.; Otsuka, A.; Funakoshi, T.; Uchi, H.; Fujimura, T.; Matsushita, S.; Hata, H.; Okuhira, H.; Tanaka, R.; et al. Retrospective Study of Advanced Melanoma Patients Treated with Ipilimumab after Nivolumab: Analysis of 60 Japanese Patients. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2018, 89, 60–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, C.-E.; Yang, C.-K.; Peng, M.-T.; Huang, P.-W.; Lin, Y.-F.; Cheng, C.-Y.; Chang, Y.-Y.; Chen, H.-W.; Hsieh, J.-J.; Chang, J.W.-C. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Advanced Melanoma: Experience at a Single Institution in Taiwan. Front. Oncol. 2020, 10, 905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kobayashi, T.; Iwama, S.; Yasuda, Y.; Okada, N.; Okuji, T.; Ito, M.; Onoue, T.; Goto, M.; Sugiyama, M.; Tsunekawa, T.; et al. Pituitary Dysfunction Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Is Associated with Better Overall Survival in Both Malignant Melanoma and Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: A Prospective Study. J. Immunother. Cancer 2020, 8, e000779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Amin, M.B.; Edge, S.B.; Greene, F.L.; Byrd, D.R.; Brookland, R.K.; Washington, M.K.; Gershenwald, J.E.; Compton, C.C.; Hess, K.R.; Sullivan, D.C.; et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2017; ISBN 978-3-319-40617-6. [Google Scholar]
- Chang, J.W.; Guo, J.; Hung, C.; Lu, S.; Shin, S.J.; Quek, R.; Ying, A.; Ho, G.F.; Nguyen, H.S.; Dhabhar, B.; et al. Sunrise in Melanoma Management: Time to Focus on Melanoma Burden in Asia. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Oncol. 2017, 13, 423–427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yeo, P.M.; Lim, Z.V.; Tan, W.D.V.; Zhao, X.; Chia, H.Y.; Tan, S.H.; Teo, M.C.C.; Tan, M.W.P. Melanoma in Singapore: A 20-Year Review of Disease and Treatment Outcomes. Ann. Acad. Medicine Singap. 2021, 50, 456–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Teh, Y.L.; Goh, W.L.; Tan, S.H.; Yong, G.; Sairi, A.N.H.; Soo, K.C.; Ong, J.; Chia, C.; Tan, G.; Soeharno, H.; et al. Treatment and Outcomes of Melanoma in Asia: Results from the National Cancer Centre Singapore. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Oncol. 2017, 14, e95–e102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, E.; Chua, S.H.; Lim, J.T.; Goh, C.L. Malignant Melanoma Seen in a Tertiary Dermatological Centre, Singapore. Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 2001, 30, 414–418. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, H.Y.; Chay, W.Y.; Tang, M.B.; Chio, M.T.; Tan, S.H. Melanoma: Differences between Asian and Caucasian Patients. Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 2012, 41, 17–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, H.Y.; Oh, C.C. Melanoma in Singapore: Putting Our Best Foot Forward! Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 2021, 50, 454–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bai, X.; Shoushtari, A.N.; Warner, A.B.; Si, L.; Tang, B.; Cui, C.; Yang, X.; Wei, X.; Quach, H.T.; Cann, C.G.; et al. Benefit and Toxicity of Programmed Death-1 Blockade Vary by Ethnicity in Patients with Advanced Melanoma: An International Multicentre Observational Study*. Brit. J. Dermatol. 2022, 187, 401–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, C.-E.; Yang, C.-K.; Peng, M.-T.; Huang, P.-W.; Chang, C.-F.; Yeh, K.-Y.; Chen, C.-B.; Wang, C.-L.; Hsu, C.-W.; Chen, I.-W.; et al. The Association between Immune-Related Adverse Events and Survival Outcomes in Asian Patients with Advanced Melanoma Receiving Anti-PD-1 Antibodies. BMC Cancer 2020, 20, 1018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Byrne, K.T.; Turk, M.J. New Perspectives on the Role of Vitiligo in Immune Responses to Melanoma. Oncotarget 2011, 2, 684–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Taube, J.M.; Klein, A.; Brahmer, J.R.; Xu, H.; Pan, X.; Kim, J.H.; Chen, L.; Pardoll, D.M.; Topalian, S.L.; Anders, R.A. Association of PD-1, PD-1 Ligands, and Other Features of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment with Response to Anti–PD-1 Therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 2014, 20, 5064–5074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Spitzer, M.H.; Carmi, Y.; Reticker-Flynn, N.E.; Kwek, S.S.; Madhireddy, D.; Martins, M.M.; Gherardini, P.F.; Prestwood, T.R.; Chabon, J.; Bendall, S.C.; et al. Systemic Immunity Is Required for Effective Cancer Immunotherapy. Cell 2017, 168, 487–502.e15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eyerich, K.; Eyerich, S. Immune Response Patterns in Non-communicable Inflammatory Skin Diseases. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2018, 32, 692–703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bishop, K.D.; Olszewski, A.J. Epidemiology and Survival Outcomes of Ocular and Mucosal Melanomas: A Population-based Analysis. Int. J. Cancer 2014, 134, 2961–2971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.-Y.; Liu, Y.; Deng, L.; Jiang, K.; Yang, X.-H.; Wu, X.-Y.; Guo, K.-H.; Wang, F. Clinical Significance of Genetic Profiling Based on Different Anatomic Sites in Patients with Mucosal Melanoma Who Received or Did Not Receive Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Cancer Cell Int. 2023, 23, 187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Figure 1.
Kaplan–Meier curves for overall survival. (a) Patients who received PD1 inhibitors (n = 43) had increased overall survival compared to patients who did not (n = 19). (b) For patients who received PD1 inhibitors, the development of cutaneous adverse reactions (n = 11) was associated with increased overall survival compared to no adverse reactions (n = 32). p values were calculated using the log-rank test.
Figure 1.
Kaplan–Meier curves for overall survival. (a) Patients who received PD1 inhibitors (n = 43) had increased overall survival compared to patients who did not (n = 19). (b) For patients who received PD1 inhibitors, the development of cutaneous adverse reactions (n = 11) was associated with increased overall survival compared to no adverse reactions (n = 32). p values were calculated using the log-rank test.
Table 1.
Stage IV melanoma population characteristics (n = 62).
| Characteristics | Number (%) |
|---|---|
| Median age (range), years | 62.5 (30–86) |
| Gender | |
| Female | 39 (62.9) |
| Male | 23 (37.1) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Chinese | 46 (74.2) |
| Malay | 6 (9.7) |
| Indian | 2 (3.2) |
| White | 3 (4.8) |
| Others | 5 (8.1) |
| Subtype | |
| Acral | 24 (38.7) |
| Cutaneous | 21 (33.9) |
| Mucosal | 17 (27.4) |
| M category | |
| 1a | 11 (17.7) |
| 1b | 16 (25.8) |
| 1c | 30 (48.4) |
| 1d | 5 (8.1) |
| BRAF status a | |
| Wild type | 36 (72) |
| Mutation | 14 (28) |
| cKIT status b | |
| Wild type | 33 (80.5) |
| Mutation | 8 (19.5) |
| PD1 inhibitor | |
| Pembrolizumab | 14 (22.6) |
| Nivolumab | 15 (24.2) |
| Both | 14 (22.6) |
| None | 19 (30.6) |
| Any administration of systemic non-PD1 therapy | |
| No | 34 (54.8) |
| Yes | 28 (45.2) |
| Dabrafenib/Trametinib | 8 |
| Imatinib | 6 |
| Clinical Trial drug | 5 |
| Paclitaxel/Carboplatin | 4 |
| Temozolamide | 2 |
| Decarbazine | 1 |
| Vemurafenib | 1 |
| Encorafenib/Binimetinib | 1 |
| Overall survival (range), months | 10 (1–76) |
| Follow-up time (range), months | 9.5 (1–75) |
a A total of 12 patients were not tested for BRAF mutations. b A total of 21 patients were not tested for cKIT mutations.
Table 2.
Univariate analysis for overall survival in stage IV melanoma.
| Characteristics | E/N | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at diagnosis | |||
| <60 years old | 12/22 | 1 | ref |
| ≥60 years old | 28/40 | 1.74 (0.87, 3.47) | 0.119 |
| Gender | |||
| Female | 24/39 | 1 | ref |
| Male | 16/23 | 0.86 (0.64, 1.22) | 0.450 |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Chinese | 31/46 | 1 | ref |
| Malay | 4/6 | 1.10 (0.36, 3.13) | 0.862 |
| Indian | 2/2 | 1.02 (0.24, 4.34) | 0.983 |
| White | 2/3 | 0.72 (0.17, 3.03) | 0.649 |
| Others | 1/5 | 1.73 (0.22, 13.69) | 0.605 |
| Subtype | |||
| Acral | 14/24 | 1 | ref |
| Cutaneous | 16/21 | 1.61 (0.78, 3.32) | 0.195 |
| Mucosal | 10/17 | 1.13 (0.50, 2.56) | 0.762 |
| M category | |||
| 1a | 6/11 | 1 | ref |
| 1b | 9/16 | 0.82 (0.29, 2.33) | 0.704 |
| 1c | 22/30 | 2.10 (0.85, 5.23) | 0.110 |
| 1d | 3/5 | 1.48 (0.36, 6.05) | 0.586 |
| BRAF status | |||
| Wild type | 24/36 | 1 | ref |
| Mutation | 9/14 | 1.72 (0.78, 3.78) | 0.176 |
| cKIT status | |||
| Wild type | 21/33 | 1 | ref |
| Mutation | 6/8 | 1.45 (0.57, 3.71) | 0.436 |
| PD1 inhibitor | |||
| No | 14/19 | 1 | ref |
| Yes | 26/43 | 0.32 (0.16, 0.63) | 0.001 |
| Any administration of systemic non-PD1 therapy | |||
| No | 18/34 | 1 | ref |
| Yes | 22/28 | 1.55 (0.82, 2.95) | 0.182 |
CI: Confidence interval. p value calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model. E/N: Events/Number of cases. Ref: reference.
Table 3.
Comparing patients who received PD1 vs. no PD1 inhibitor.
| Characteristics | No PD1 (n = 19) | PD1 (n = 43) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Median age (range), years | 69 (30–86) | 60 (31–76) | 0.008 a |
| Gender | |||
| Female | 10 (52.6) | 29 (67.4) | 0.266 b |
| Male | 9 (47.4) | 14 (32.6) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Chinese | 14 (73.7) | 32 (74.4) | 0.186 c |
| Malay | 0 (0) | 6 (14.0) | |
| Indian | 1 (5.3) | 1 (2.3) | |
| White | 2 (10.5) | 1 (2.3) | |
| Others | 2 (10.5) | 3 (7.0) | |
| Subtype | |||
| Acral | 8 (42.1) | 16 (37.2) | 0.830 c |
| Cutaneous | 7 (36.8) | 14 (32.6) | |
| Mucosal | 4 (21.1) | 13 (30.2) | |
| M category | |||
| 1a | 2 (10.5) | 9 (20.9) | 0.570 c |
| 1b | 4 (21.1) | 12 (27.9) | |
| 1c | 12 (63.2) | 18 (41.9) | |
| 1d | 1 (5.3) | 4 (9.3) | |
| BRAF status | |||
| Wild type | 9 (60.0) | 27 (77.1) | 0.304 c |
| Mutation | 6 (40.0) | 8 (22.9) | |
| cKIT status | |||
| Wild type | 7 (70.0) | 26 (83.9) | 0.378 c |
| Mutation | 3 (30.0) | 5 (16.1) | |
| Any administration of systemic non-PD1 therapy | |||
| No | 9 (47.7) | 25 (58.1) | 0.432 b |
| Yes | 10 (52.6) | 18(41.9) | |
| Median overall survival, months (95% CI) | 6 (5.07, 6.93) | 21 (13.33, 28.67) | <0.001 d |
a p-value calculated using Mann–Whitney U test. b p-value estimated using chi-squared test. c p-value estimated using Fisher’s exact test. d p-value estimated using log-rank test. CI, confidence interval.
Table 4.
Comparing patients with cutaneous adverse reactions vs. no cutaneous adverse reactions to PD1 inhibitors.
Table 4.
Comparing patients with cutaneous adverse reactions vs. no cutaneous adverse reactions to PD1 inhibitors.
| Characteristics | No CAR (n = 32) | CAR (n = 11) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Median age (range) | 60.5 (31–76) | 58 (33–74) | 0.666 a |
| Gender | |||
| Female | 23 (71.9) | 6 (54.5) | 0.457 b |
| Male | 9 (28.1) | 5 (45.5) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Chinese | 22 (68.8) | 10 (90.9) | 0.757 b |
| Malay | 5 (15.6) | 1 (9.1) | |
| Indian | 1 (3.1) | 0 (0) | |
| White | 1 (3.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Others | 3 (9.4) | 0 (0) | |
| Subtype | |||
| Acral | 9 (28.1) | 7 (63.6) | 0.079 b |
| Cutaneous | 13 (40.6) | 1 (9.1) | |
| Mucosal | 10 (31.3) | 3 (27.3) | |
| M category | |||
| 1a | 6 (18.8) | 3 (27.2) | 0.631 b |
| 1b | 8 (25.0) | 4 (36.4) | |
| 1c | 14 (43.8) | 4 (36.4) | |
| 1d | 4 (12.5) | 0 (0) | |
| BRAF status | |||
| Wild type | 19 (70.4) | 8 (100) | 0.154 b |
| Mutation | 8 (29.6) | 0 (0) | |
| cKIT status | |||
| Wild type | 18 (85.7) | 8 (80.0) | 0.999 b |
| Mutation | 3 (14.3) | 2 (20.0) | |
| Any administration of systemic non-PD1 therapy | |||
| No | 17 (53.1) | 8 (72.7) | 0.309 b |
| Yes | 15 (46.9) | 3 (27.3) | |
| PD1 inhibitor line of treatment | |||
| First line | 24 (75) | 9 (81.8) | 0.999 b |
| Second line or later | 8 (25) | 2 (18.2) | |
| Median overall survival, months (95% CI) | 15 (9.20, 20.80) | 33 (17.27, 48.73) | 0.013 c |
CAR: Cutaneous adverse reaction. CI, confidence interval. a p-value calculated using Mann–Whitney U test. b p-value estimated using Fisher’s exact test. c p-value estimated using log-rank test.
Table 5.
Cutaneous adverse reactions to PD1 inhibitors.
| Cutaneous Adverse Reaction | No. of Patients | PD1 Inhibitor | Melanoma Subtype | Histology of Skin Reaction | Management |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitiligo | 3 (27.3%) | Pembrolizumab then nivolumab and ipilimumab | Mucosal | Not performed | Continue PD1 inhibitor |
| Nivolumab | Mucosal | Not performed | Continue PD1 inhibitor | ||
| Pembrolizumab | Acral | Not performed | Continue PD1 inhibitor | ||
| Vitiligo and bullous pemphigoid (BP) | 1 (9.1%) | Nivolumab | Acral | Subepidermal blister with dermal lymphocytes, histiocytes and eosinophils | Topical corticosteroids, oral doxycycline. Stopped PD1 inhibitor (bullous pemphigoid) |
| Eczema exacerbation | 3 (27.3%) | Pembrolizumab then nivolumab and ipilimumab | Cutaneous | Not performed | Topical corticosteroids, continue PD1 inhibitor |
| Nivolumab | Acral | Not performed | Topical corticosteroids, continue PD1 inhibitor | ||
| Nivolumab then pembrolizumab | Acral | Not performed | Topical corticosteroids, continue PD1 inhibitor | ||
| Lichenoid dermatitis | 2 (18.1%) | Pembrolizumab then nivolumab | Acral | Interface dermatitis with subcorneal neutrophilic collections and perivascular dermal lymphocytic infiltrate with plasma cells and eosinophils | Topical corticosteroids, continue PD1 inhibitor |
| Nivolumab | Acral | Irregular acanthosis and spongiosis with superficial dermal oedema and chronic inflammatory infiltrate with eosinophils | Topical corticosteroids, continue PD1 inhibitor | ||
| Psoriasiform eruption | 1 (9.1%) | Nivolumab | Acral | Irregular psoriasiform hyperplasia with focal mild spongiosis where a small collection of neutrophils is seen in the upper epidermis. Superficial perivascular infiltrate of lymphocytes and eosinophils | Topical corticosteroids, stopped PD1 inhibitor (pneumonitis) |
| Exanthem | 1 (9.1%) | Nivolumab | Mucosal | Not performed | Topical corticosteroids, continue PD1 inhibitor |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Lim, A.Y.-L.; Chan, J.Y.; Oh, C.C. Cutaneous Adverse Reactions and Survival Outcomes of Advanced Melanoma Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in an Academic Medical Centre in Singapore. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 1601. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14151601
AMA Style
Lim AY-L, Chan JY, Oh CC. Cutaneous Adverse Reactions and Survival Outcomes of Advanced Melanoma Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in an Academic Medical Centre in Singapore. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(15):1601. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14151601
Chicago/Turabian StyleLim, Agnes Yeok-Loo, Jason Yongsheng Chan, and Choon Chiat Oh. 2024. "Cutaneous Adverse Reactions and Survival Outcomes of Advanced Melanoma Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in an Academic Medical Centre in Singapore" Diagnostics 14, no. 15: 1601. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14151601
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
