Early-Stage Prototype Assessment of Cost-Effective Non-Intrusive Wearable Device for Instant Home Fetal Movement and Distress Detection: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Operational Algorithm
2.2. System Configuration
2.3. Development of the Fetal Phonocardiography (fPCG) Acquisition Board
2.4. Development of the Alarm System
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Digital Signal Processing Algorithm for Calculating Fetal Movement
3.1.1. Fetal Movement Dataset
3.1.2. Fetal Movement (FM) Signal Visualization and Filtering
3.1.3. Fetal Movement (FM) Peak Detection
3.1.4. Fetal Movement (FM) Count Algorithm
3.2. Amplifier and Filter for Fetal Heart Rate Acquisition
3.3. Alarm System
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sensor and Electrode Configuration | Monitoring (Method, Sensors, Gw) | Algorithm and Signal Acquisition Techniques Used | Data Processing | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
| Construction of mECG template through maternal QRST peak detection and mECG cancellation. fs = 120 Hz | Offline | [14] | |
| Hybrid algorithm (High pass filtering, segmentation, STFT, with CNN architecture) fs = 280 Hz | Offline | [15] | |
| Segmentation (Comb-notch filtering), Signal matching and Discrimination using PCA. | Offline (IMU and analog data on SD card) | [16] | |
| Baseline drift and mean value cancellation. FastICA algorithm (fECG extraction), sample entropy (signal location). fs = 250 Hz | Real-time via Bluetooth and Cloud storage | [17] | |
| Fast ICA algorithm (removes breathing artifacts and extract fECG). | Offline | [18] | |
| Prefiltered with zero-phase IIR filter CWT for processing and averaging algorithm for fusion. fs = 250 Hz | Offline | [19] | |
| Decomposition technique using Eigen vectors (to separate into different sound components) Denoising using WTST-NST. fs = 100 Hz | Offline | [20] | |
| Butterworth filter for sharpening sound attenuation in analog pre-amplification process. | Offline | [21] |
Record Number (n) | Axis | Mean Value | Standard Deviation | Number of Samples (n) | Total Time Length (min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record 1 | X | −11.1521 | 0.0706 | 154,100 | 5.14 |
Y | −10.5529 | 0.2797 | |||
Z | −16.4638 | 0.0880 | |||
Record 2 | X | −11.8295 | 0.0521 | 450,663 | 15.02 |
Y | −10.5699 | 0.0983 | |||
Z | −16.4497 | 0.0324 | |||
Record 3 | X | −11.0093 | 0.0190 | 451,049 | 15.03 |
Y | −9.3378 | 0.0417 | |||
Z | −16.1127 | 0.0302 | |||
Record 4 | X | −13.5053 | 0.1141 | 451,421 | 15.05 |
Y | −10.2576 | 0.0671 | |||
Z | −15.9186 | 0.0600 | |||
Record 5 | X | −10.2336 | 0.0705 | 451,609 | 15.05 |
Y | −10.3554 | 0.0720 | |||
Z | −16.3136 | 0.0547 |
Components | Variable | Expected Results | Final Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Initiation | Initialization of system | White LED ON, LCD displays “Initialising” | White LED ON Displays: “Fetal Monitor Initialising…” |
Alarm System | Reassuring Fetal Status | Green LED ON FHR and FM within normal range. | FHR = 140 BPM FM = ACT Displays: “Normal” Green LED ON |
Low Fetal Movement count | Yellow LED On Warning Text: Low FM Count | FHR = 140 BPM FM = LOW Displays: “Monitor” Texts to Proxy: “Warning: Low Fetal Movement count” Yellow LED ON | |
Non reassuring fetal status | Red LED ON FHR and FM outside normal range: Fetal distress | FHR = 162 BPM or 116 BPM FM= ACT or LOW Displays: “! Fetal Distress!” Texts to Proxy: “EMERGENCY: Fetal Distress Detected!” Red LED ON |
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Mohamed, H.; Kathriarachchi, S.K.; Kahatapitiya, N.S.; Silva, B.N.; Kalupahana, D.; Edirisinghe, S.; Wijenayake, U.; Ravichandran, N.K.; Wijesinghe, R.E. Early-Stage Prototype Assessment of Cost-Effective Non-Intrusive Wearable Device for Instant Home Fetal Movement and Distress Detection: A Pilot Study. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 1938. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171938
Mohamed H, Kathriarachchi SK, Kahatapitiya NS, Silva BN, Kalupahana D, Edirisinghe S, Wijenayake U, Ravichandran NK, Wijesinghe RE. Early-Stage Prototype Assessment of Cost-Effective Non-Intrusive Wearable Device for Instant Home Fetal Movement and Distress Detection: A Pilot Study. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(17):1938. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171938
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed, Hana, Suresh Kalum Kathriarachchi, Nipun Shantha Kahatapitiya, Bhagya Nathali Silva, Deshan Kalupahana, Sajith Edirisinghe, Udaya Wijenayake, Naresh Kumar Ravichandran, and Ruchire Eranga Wijesinghe. 2024. "Early-Stage Prototype Assessment of Cost-Effective Non-Intrusive Wearable Device for Instant Home Fetal Movement and Distress Detection: A Pilot Study" Diagnostics 14, no. 17: 1938. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171938