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Review

Diagnostic Challenges and Pathogenetic Differences in Biomass-Smoke-Induced versus Tobacco-Smoke-Induced COPD: A Comparative Review

by
Joytri Dutta
1,2,
Sabita Singh
1,2,
Mandya V. Greeshma
3,
Padukudru Anand Mahesh
3 and
Ulaganathan Mabalirajan
1,2,*
1
Molecular Pathobiology of Respiratory Diseases, Cell Biology and Physiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata 700091, WB, India
2
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India
3
Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2024, 14(19), 2154; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14192154
Submission received: 27 August 2024 / Revised: 20 September 2024 / Accepted: 26 September 2024 / Published: 27 September 2024

Abstract

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major global health challenge, primarily driven by exposures to tobacco smoke and biomass smoke. While Tobacco-Smoke-Induced COPD (TSCOPD) has been extensively studied, the diagnostic challenges and distinct pathogenesis of Biomass-Smoke-Induced COPD (BSCOPD), particularly in low- and middle-income countries, remain underexplored. Objective: To explore the differences in clinical manifestations, pulmonary function, and inflammatory profiles between BSCOPD and TSCOPD and highlight the diagnostic complexities of BSCOPD. Methods: This review analyzes the current literature comparing BSCOPD with TSCOPD, focusing on distinctive pathophysiological mechanisms, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress processes. Results: BSCOPD presents differences in clinical presentation, with less emphysema, smaller airway damage, and higher rates of pulmonary hypertension compared to TSCOPD. BSCOPD is also characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness and significant hypoxemia, unlike TSCOPD, which exhibits severe airflow obstruction and emphysema. Additionally, the inflammatory profile of BSCOPD includes distinct mucous hypersecretion and airway remodeling. Conclusions: The unique genetic, epigenetic, and oxidative stress mechanisms involved in BSCOPD complicate its diagnosis and management. Biomass smoke’s underrecognized impact on accelerated lung aging and exacerbation mechanisms emphasizes the need for targeted research to refine diagnostic criteria and management strategies for BSCOPD. Future directions: Further research should focus on identifying specific biomarkers and molecular pathways to enhance early diagnosis and improve clinical outcomes in populations exposed to biomass smoke.
Keywords: COPD diagnosis; biomass smoke; BSCOPD; TSCOPD; oxidative stress COPD diagnosis; biomass smoke; BSCOPD; TSCOPD; oxidative stress

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MDPI and ACS Style

Dutta, J.; Singh, S.; Greeshma, M.V.; Mahesh, P.A.; Mabalirajan, U. Diagnostic Challenges and Pathogenetic Differences in Biomass-Smoke-Induced versus Tobacco-Smoke-Induced COPD: A Comparative Review. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 2154. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14192154

AMA Style

Dutta J, Singh S, Greeshma MV, Mahesh PA, Mabalirajan U. Diagnostic Challenges and Pathogenetic Differences in Biomass-Smoke-Induced versus Tobacco-Smoke-Induced COPD: A Comparative Review. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(19):2154. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14192154

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dutta, Joytri, Sabita Singh, Mandya V. Greeshma, Padukudru Anand Mahesh, and Ulaganathan Mabalirajan. 2024. "Diagnostic Challenges and Pathogenetic Differences in Biomass-Smoke-Induced versus Tobacco-Smoke-Induced COPD: A Comparative Review" Diagnostics 14, no. 19: 2154. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14192154

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