Imaging the Micron: New Directions in Diagnosis with Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound
1. Introduction
2. Uses of UHFUS Imaging by Medical Specialty
2.1. Dermatology
2.2. Rheumatology
2.3. Pediatrics
2.4. Oral Medicine
2.5. Other Applications
3. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
List of Contributions
- Dini, V.; Iannone, M.; Michelucci, A.; Manzo Margiotta, F.; Granieri, G.; Salvia, G.; Oranges, T.; Janowska, A.; Morganti, R.; Romanelli, M. Ultra-High Frequency UltraSound (UHFUS) Assessment of Barrier Function in Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis during Dupilumab Treatment. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 2721.
- Granieri, G.; Michelucci, A.; Manzo Margiotta, F.; Cei, B.; Vitali, S.; Romanelli, M.; Dini, V. The Role of Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound in Pyoderma Gangrenosum: New Insights in Pathophysiology and Diagnosis. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 2802.
- Michelucci, A.; Dini, V.; Salvia, G.; Granieri, G.; Manzo Margiotta, F.; Panduri, S.; Morganti, R.; Romanelli, M. Assessment and Monitoring of Nail Psoriasis with Ultra-High Frequency Ultrasound: Preliminary Results. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 2716.
- Salvia, G.; Zerbinati, N.; Manzo Margiotta, F.; Michelucci, A.; Granieri, G.; Fidanzi, C.; Morganti, R.; Romanelli, M.; Dini, V. Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound as an Innovative Imaging Evaluation of Hyaluronic Acid Filler in Nasolabial Folds. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 2761.
- Marrani, E.; Fulvio, G.; Virgili, C.; Izzetti, R.; Dini, V.; Oranges, T.; Baldini, C.; Simonini, G. Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasonography of Labial Glands in Pediatric Sjögren’s Disease: A Preliminary Study. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 2695.
- Fulvio, G.; Izzetti, R.; Aringhieri, G.; Donati, V.; Ferro, F.; Gabbriellini, G.; Mosca, M.; Baldini, C. UHFUS: A Valuable Tool in Evaluating Exocrine Gland Abnormalities in Sjögren’s Disease. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 2771.
- Di Battista, M.; Barsotti, S.; Vitali, S.; Palma, M.; Granieri, G.; Oranges, T.; Aringhieri, G.; Dini, V.; Della Rossa, A.; Neri, E.; et al. Multiparametric Skin Assessment in a Monocentric Cohort of Systemic Sclerosis Patients: Is There a Role for Ultra-High Frequency Ultrasound? Diagnostics 2023, 13, 1495.
- Erlöv, T.; Hawez, T.; Granéli, C.; Evertsson, M.; Jansson, T.; Stenström, P.; Cinthio, M. A Computer Program for Assessing Histoanatomical Morphometrics in Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound Images of the Bowel Wall in Children: Development and Inter-Observer Variability. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 2759.
- Hawez, T.; Graneli, C.; Erlöv, T.; Gottberg, E.; Munoz Mitev, R.; Hagelsteen, K.; Evertsson, M.; Jansson, T.; Cinthio, M.; Stenström, P. Ultra-High Frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Bowel Wall in Hirschsprung’s Disease—Correlation and Agreement Analyses of Histoanatomy. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 1388.
- Evertsson M, Graneli C, Vernersson A, Wiaczek O, Hagelsteen K, Erlöv T, Cinthio M, Stenström P. Design of a Pediatric Rectal Ultrasound Probe Intended for Ultra-High Frequency Ultrasound Diagnostics. Diagnostics. 2023, 13, 1667. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13101667.
- Alan, A.; Orhan, A.I.; Orhan, K. Evaluation of the Breastfeeding Dynamics of Neonates with Ankyloglossia via a Novel Ultrasonographic Technique. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 3435.
- Nisi, M.; Gennai, S.; Graziani, F.; Izzetti, R. The Reliability of Ultrasonographic Assessment of Depth of Invasion: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 2833.
- Jerban, S.; Barrère, V.; Andre, M.; Chang, E.Y.; Shah, S.B. Quantitative Ultrasound Techniques Used for Peripheral Nerve Assessment. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 956.
- Yu, J.; Wang, H.; Zhou, M.; Zhu, M.; Hang, J.; Shen, M.; Jin, X.; Shi, Y.; Xu, J.; Yang, T. A Hypothesis on the Progression of Insulin-Induced Lipohypertrophy: An Integrated Result of High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging and Blood Glucose Control of Patients. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 1515.
- Liu, X.; Wang, J.; Liu, Y.; Luo, S.; Yan, G.; Yang, H.; Wan, L.; Huang, G. High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation for Juvenile Cystic Adenomyosis: Two Case Reports and Literature Review. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 1608.
References
- Fogante, M.; Carboni, N.; Argalia, G. Clinical application of ultra-high frequency ultrasound: Discovering a new imaging frontier. J. Clin. Ultrasound 2022, 50, 817–825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brollo, P.P.; Bresadola, V. Enhancing visualization and guidance in general surgery: A comprehensive and narrative review of the current cutting-edge technologies and future perspectives. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2024, 28, 179–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Russo, A.; Reginelli, A.; Lacasella, G.V.; Grassi, E.; Karaboue, M.A.A.; Quarto, T.; Busetto, G.M.; Aliprandi, A.; Grassi, R.; Berritto, D. Clinical Application of Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 1733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lavaud, J.; Henry, M.; Coll, J.L.; Josserand, V. Exploration of melanoma metastases in mice brains using endogenous contrast photoacoustic imaging. Int. J. Pharm. 2017, 532, 704–709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carotenuto, A.R.; Cutolo, A.; Petrillo, A.; Fusco, R.; Arra, C.; Sansone, M.; Larobina, D.; Cardoso, L.; Fraldi, M. Growth and in vivo stresses traced through tumor mechanics enriched with predator-prey cells dynamics. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2018, 86, 55–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fernandes, D.A.; Kolios, M.C. Intrinsically absorbing photoacoustic and ultrasound contrast agents for cancer therapy and imaging. Nanotechnology 2018, 29, 505103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Foster, F.S.; Hossack, J.; Adamson, S.L. Micro-ultrasound for preclinical imaging. Interface Focus 2011, 1, 576–601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Izzetti, R.; Oranges, T.; Janowska, A.; Gabriele, M.; Graziani, F.; Romanelli, M. The Application of Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound in Dermatology and Wound Management. Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds 2020, 19, 334–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Izzetti, R.; Vitali, S.; Aringhieri, G.; Nisi, M.; Oranges, T.; Dini, V.; Ferro, F.; Baldini, C.; Romanelli, M.; Caramella, D.; et al. Ultra-High Frequency Ultrasound, A Promising Diagnostic Technique: Review of the Literature and Single-Center Experience. Can. Assoc. Radiol. J. 2021, 72, 418–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alexander, H.; Miller, D.L. Determining skin thickness with pulsed ultrasound. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1979, 72, 17–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmid-Wendtner, M.H.; Dill-Müller, D. Ultrasound technology in dermatology. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg. 2008, 27, 44–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wortsman, X. Top applications of dermatologic ultrasonography that can modify management. Ultrasonography 2023, 42, 183–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lintzeri, D.A.; Karimian, N.; Blume-Peytavi, U.; Kottner, J. Epidermal thickness in healthy humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2022, 36, 1191–1200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turner, V.L.; Wortsman, X. Ultrasound Features of Nail Lichen Planus. J. Ultrasound Med. 2024, 43, 781–788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dini, V.; Janowska, A.; Faita, F.; Panduri, S.; Benincasa, B.B.; Izzetti, R.; Romanelli, M.; Oranges, T. Ultra-high-frequency ultrasound monitoring of plaque psoriasis during ixekizumab treatment. Skin Res. Technol. 2021, 27, 277–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Laverde-Saad, A.; Simard, A.; Nassim, D.; Jfri, A.; Alajmi, A.; O’Brien, E.; Wortsman, X. Performance of Ultrasound for Identifying Morphological Characteristics and Thickness of Cutaneous Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Dermatology 2022, 238, 692–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dinnes, J.; Bamber, J.; Chuchu, N.; Bayliss, S.E.; Takwoingi, Y.; Davenport, C.; Godfrey, K.; O’Sullivan, C.; Matin, R.N.; Deeks, J.J.; et al. High-frequency ultrasound for diagnosing skin cancer in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2018, 12, CD013188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oranges, T.; Janowska, A.; Scatena, C.; Faita, F.; Lascio, N.D.; Izzetti, R.; Fidanzi, C.; Romanelli, M.; Dini, V. Ultra-High Frequency Ultrasound in Melanoma Management: A New Combined Ultrasonographic-Histopathological Approach. J. Ultrasound Med. 2023, 42, 99–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reginelli, A.; Russo, A.; Berritto, D.; Patane, V.; Cantisani, C.; Grassi, R. Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound: A Modern Diagnostic Technique for Studying Melanoma. Ultraschall Med. 2023, 44, 360–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oranges, T.; Janowska, A.; Vitali, S.; Loggini, B.; Izzetti, R.; Romanelli, M.; Dini, V. Dermatoscopic and ultra-high frequency ultrasound evaluation in cutaneous postradiation angiosarcoma. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2020, 34, e741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janowska, A.; Oranges, T.; Granieri, G.; Romanelli, M.; Fidanzi, C.; Iannone, M.; Dini, V. Non-invasive imaging techniques in presurgical margin assessment of basal cell carcinoma: Current evidence. Skin Res. Technol. 2023, 29, e13271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chauvel-Picard, J.; Tognetti, L.; Cinotti, E.; Habougit, C.; Suppa, M.; Lenoir, C.; Rubegni, P.; Del Marmol, V.; Berot, V.; Gleizal, A.; et al. Role of ultra-high-frequency ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of basal cell carcinoma: Pilot study based on 117 cases. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2023, 48, 468–475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dopytalska, K.; Sobolewski, P.; Mikucka-Wituszyńska, A.; Gnatowski, M.; Szymańska, E.; Walecka, I. Noninvasive skin imaging in esthetic medicine-Why do we need useful tools for evaluation of the esthetic procedures. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2021, 20, 746–754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manzaneda Cipriani, R.M.; Cárdenas Larenas, J.P.; Viaro, M.S.S.; Flores González, E.A.; Adrianzen, G.; Babaitis, R.; Duran Vega, H.; Stefanelli, M.; Ventura, R. Jawline Aesthetic Definition: Enhancement with Masseteric Augmentation Using Ultrasound-Guided Fat Transfer. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open 2024, 12, e5695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aringhieri, G.; Izzetti, R.; Vitali, S.; Ferro, F.; Gabriele, M.; Baldini, C.; Caramella, D. Ultra-high frequency ultrasound (UHFUS) applications in Sjogren syndrome: Narrative review and current concepts. Gland. Surg. 2020, 9, 2248–2259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jousse-Joulin, S.; Gatineau, F.; Baldini, C.; Baer, A.; Barone, F.; Bootsma, H.; Bowman, S.; Brito-Zerón, P.; Cornec, D.; Dorner, T.; et al. Weight of salivary gland ultrasonography compared to other items of the 2016 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for Primary Sjögren’s syndrome. J. Inter. Med. 2020, 287, 180–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, K.A.; Kim, S.H.; Kim, H.R.; Kim, H.S. Impact of age on the diagnostic performance of unstimulated salivary flow rates and salivary gland ultrasound for primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Front. Med. 2022, 9, 968697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saruhanoğlu, A.; Atikler, M.; Ergun, S.; Ofluoğlu, D.; Tanyeri, H. Comparison of two different labial salivary gland biopsy incision techniques: A randomized clinical trial. Med. Oral Patol Oral Cir. Bucal. 2013, 18, e851–e855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Izzetti, R.; Ferro, F.; Vitali, S.; Nisi, M.; Fonzetti, S.; Oranges, T.; Donati, V.; Caramella, D.; Baldini, C.; Gabriele, M. Ultra-high frequency ultrasonography (UHFUS)-guided minor salivary gland biopsy: A promising procedure to optimize labial salivary gland biopsy in Sjögren’s syndrome. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 2021, 50, 485–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fox, R.I. Sjögren’s syndrome. Lancet 2005, 366, 321–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takagi, Y.; Sasaki, M.; Eida, S.; Katayama, I.; Hashimoto, K.; Nakamura, H.; Shimizu, T.; Morimoto, S.; Kawakami, A.; Sumi, M. Comparison of salivary gland MRI and ultrasonography findings among patients with Sjögren’s syndrome over a wide age range. Rheumatology 2022, 61, 1986–1996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gong, Y.; Liu, H.; Li, G.; Zhang, T.; Li, Y.; Guan, W.; Zeng, Q.; Lv, Q.; Zhang, X.; Yao, W.; et al. Childhood-onset primary Sjögren’s syndrome in a tertiary center in China: Clinical features and outcome. Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J. 2023, 21, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Narazaki, H.; Akioka, S.; Akutsu, Y.; Araki, M.; Fujieda, M.; Fukuhara, D.; Hara, R.; Hashimoto, K.; Hattori, S.; Hayashibe, R.; et al. Epidemiology conduction of paediatric rheumatic diseases based on the registry database of the Pediatric Rheumatology Association of Japan. Mod. Rheumatol. 2023, 33, 1021–1029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krumrey-Langkammerer, M.; Haas, J.P. Salivary gland ultrasound in the diagnostic workup of juvenile Sjögren’s syndrome and mixed connective tissue disease. Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J. 2020, 18, 44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cornec, D.; Jamin, C.; Pers, J.O. Sjögren’s syndrome: Where do we stand, and where shall we go? J. Autoimmun. 2014, 51, 109–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Romão, V.C.; Talarico, R.; Scirè, C.A.; Vieira, A.; Alexander, T.; Baldini, C.; Gottenberg, J.E.; Gruner, H.; Hachulla, E.; Mouthon, L.; et al. Sjögren’s syndrome: State of the art on clinical practice guidelines. RMD Open 2018, 4, e000789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vehof, J.; Utheim, T.P.; Bootsma, H.; Hammond, C.J. Advances, limitations and future perspectives in the diagnosis and management of dry eye in Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2020, 38, 301–309. [Google Scholar]
- Vora, Z.; Hemachandran, N.; Sharma, S. Imaging of Lacrimal Gland Pathologies: A Radiological Pattern-Based Approach. Curr. Probl. Diagn. Radiol. 2021, 50, 738–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, L.; Xu, J.; Wang, S.; Yang, J. Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Paediatric Pilomatricoma Based on the Histopathologic Classification. Front. Med. 2021, 8, 673861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ait Ichou, J.; Gauvin, S.; Faingold, R. Ultra-high-frequency ultrasound of superficial and musculoskeletal structures in the pediatric population. Pediatr. Radiol. 2021, 51, 1748–1757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Granéli, C.; Erlöv, T.; Mitev, R.M.; Kasselaki, I.; Hagelsteen, K.; Gisselsson, D.; Jansson, T.; Cinthio, M.; Stenström, P. Ultra-high frequency ultrasonography to distinguish ganglionic from aganglionic bowel wall in Hirschsprung disease: A first report. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2021, 56, 2281–2285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beltman, L.; Windster, J.D.; Roelofs, J.J.T.H.; van der Voorn, J.P.; Derikx, J.P.M.; Bakx, R. Diagnostic accuracy of calretinin and acetylcholinesterase staining of rectal suction biopsies in Hirschsprung disease examined by unexperienced pathologists. Virchows Arch. 2022, 481, 245–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, X.; Yang, H.; Li, J.; Zeng, L.; Wang, C.; Yang, R.; Yang, Y. Application value of high-frequency ultrasonography in endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy for pediatric acute appendicitis. Surg. Endosc. 2023, 37, 3814–3822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ong, C.K.; Chong, V.F. Imaging of tongue carcinoma. Cancer Imaging 2006, 6, 186–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DeJohn, C.R.; Seshadri, M. Ultra-high frequency ultrasound as a clinical adjunct for imaging the oral cavity: Added value of quantitative analysis. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 2020, 49, 20200314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wong, K.T.; Tsang, R.K.; Tse, G.M.; Yuen, E.H.; Ahuja, A.T. Biopsy of deep-seated head and neck lesions under intraoral ultrasound guidance. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2006, 27, 1654–1657. [Google Scholar]
- Izzetti, R.; Fantoni, G.; Gelli, F.; Faggioni, L.; Vitali, S.; Gabriele, M.; Caramella, D. Feasibility of intraoral ultrasonography in the diagnosis of oral soft tissue lesions: A preclinical assessment on an ex vivo specimen. Radiol. Med. 2018, 123, 135–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fukano, H.; Matsuura, H.; Hasegawa, Y.; Nakamura, S. Depth of invasion as a predictive factor for cervical lymph node metastasis in tongue carcinoma. Head Neck 1997, 19, 205–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shintani, S.; Nakayama, B.; Matsuura, H.; Hasegawa, Y. Intraoral ultrasonography is useful to evaluate tumor thickness in tongue carcinoma. Am. J. Surg. 1997, 173, 345–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pires Duarte, L.C.; Teixeira, K.; Dias, B.M.F.; Fonseca, F.P.; Travassos, D.V.; Smit, C.; Castro, M.A.A.; Sampaio, A.A. Ultrasonography use for tongue cancer management: A scoping review. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 2024, 53, 107–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pollaers, K.; Hinton-Bayre, A.; Friedland, P.L.; Farah, C.S. AJCC 8th Edition oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma staging—Is it an improvement on the AJCC 7th Edition? Oral Oncol. 2018, 82, 23–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kowalski, L.P.; Köhler, H.F. Relevant changes in the AJCC 8th edition staging manual for oral cavity cancer and future implications. Chin. Clin. Oncol. 2019, 8, S18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, K.; Lee, D.J. The updated AJCC/TNM staging system (8th edition) for oral tongue cancer. Transl. Cancer Res. 2019, 8, S164–S166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Konishi, M.; Fujita, M.; Shimabukuro, K.; Wongratwanich, P.; Kakimoto, N. Predictive Factors of Late Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis Using Intraoral Sonography in Patients with Tongue Cancer. Anticancer Res. 2022, 42, 287–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Konishi, M.; Fujita, M.; Shimabukuro, K.; Wongratwanich, P.; Verdonschot, R.G.; Kakimoto, N. Intraoral Ultrasonographic Features of Tongue Cancer and the Incidence of Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2021, 79, 932–939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mourad, M.A.F.; Higazi, M.M. MRI prognostic factors of tongue cancer: Potential predictors of cervical lymph nodes metastases. Radiol Oncol. 2019, 53, 49–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marcello Scotti, F.; Stuepp, R.T.; Leonardi Dutra-Horstmann, K.; Modolo, F.; Gusmão Paraiso Cavalcanti, M. Accuracy of, M.R.I.; CT, and Ultrasound imaging on thickness and depth of oral primary carcinomas invasion: A systematic review. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 2022, 51, 20210291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caprioli, S.; Giordano, G.G.; Pennacchi, A.; Campagnari, V.; Iandelli, A.; Parrinello, G.; Conforti, C.; Gili, R.; Giannini, E.; Marabotto, E.; et al. Can High-Frequency Intraoral Ultrasound Predict Histological Risk Factors in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma? A Preliminary Experience. Cancers 2023, 15, 4413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Izzetti, R.; Nisi, M.; Gennai, S.; Oranges, T.; Crocetti, L.; Caramella, D.; Graziani, F. Evaluation of Depth of Invasion in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Ultra-High. Frequency Ultrasound: A Preliminary Study. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 7647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Izzetti, R.; Nisi, M.; Aringhieri, G.; Vitali, S.; Oranges, T.; Romanelli, M.; Caramella, D.; Graziani, F.; Gabriele, M. Ultra-high frequency ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of oral pemphigus and pemphigoid: An explorative study. Skin. Res. Technol. 2021, 27, 682–691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Puma, A.; Grecu, N.; Badea, R.Ș.; Morisot, A.; Zugravu, R.; Ioncea, M.B.; Cavalli, M.; Lăcătuș, O.; Ezaru, A.; Hacina, C.; et al. Typical CIDP, distal variant CIDP, and anti-MAG antibody neuropathy: An ultra-high frequency ultrasound comparison of nerve structure. Sci. Rep. 2024, 14, 4643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Poelaert, J.; Coopman, R.; Ureel, M.; Dhooghe, N.; Genbrugge, E.; Mwewa, T.; Blondeel, P.; Vermeersch, H. Visualization of the Facial Nerve with Ultra-high-Frequency Ultrasound. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open 2023, 11, e5489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Izzetti, R.; Nisi, M. Imaging the Micron: New Directions in Diagnosis with Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 735. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070735
Izzetti R, Nisi M. Imaging the Micron: New Directions in Diagnosis with Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(7):735. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070735
Chicago/Turabian StyleIzzetti, Rossana, and Marco Nisi. 2024. "Imaging the Micron: New Directions in Diagnosis with Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound" Diagnostics 14, no. 7: 735. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070735