Comparison between Two Adaptive Optics Methods for Imaging of Individual Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Adaptive Optics Ophthalmoscopes
- Transscleral Flood Illumination (TFI) ophthalmoscope
- The TFI is an AO retinal camera with a transscleral flood illumination system (rtx1 TFI, Imagine Eyes, France). The ophthalmoscope uses two LED arrays at an 810 nm wavelength, which shine light through the sclera from both sides of the pupil (Figure 1) and generates images showing the boundaries of RPE cells as bright pixels and the centers of each cell as darker pixels. The acquisition time is 6 s per video.
- NIRAF Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopes (AOSLO)
- Subjects 1 and 4 were imaged with the Paris near-infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF) AOSLO situated at the Quinze-Vingts Hospital, which has been previously described [11]. Subjects 2 and 3 were imaged with the NIRAF AOSLO situated at the Pittsburgh Vision Institute detailed in [21]. Both systems exploited near-infrared excitation of RPE fluorophores with light at similar wavelengths of 757 nm and 720 nm, respectively, which was used to generate images of the RPE cell mosaic in all subjects through detection of the autofluorescence. Image sequences from both systems were registered and corrected for distortions using a custom algorithm described in [22] and then averaged. Both NIRAF system characteristics can be found in Table 1.
2.2. Cohort Description and Image Acquisition
2.3. Image Processing and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Images of TFI and NIRAF of Same Regions
3.2. RPE Mosaic Variations with Time in Healthy Retina
4. Discussion
4.1. Origin of RPE Cell Contrast
4.2. RPE In Vivo Signal Variation with Eccentricity
4.3. RPE Pigmentation Dynamic
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Montages of TFI and NIRAF Images from Other Subjects
Appendix A.1. Montages of Subject #2
Appendix A.2. Montages of Subject #3
Appendix B. Colored Standard Deviations for Zooms 1–6 (from Figure 5)
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Paris NIRAF | Pittsburgh NIRAF | |
---|---|---|
Wavelength (nm) | 757 | 720 |
Field of view (°) | 2 | 1.5 |
Acquisition time (s) | 90 | 30 |
Subjects | AO System | Regions Imaged | Year of Image Acquisition | Age of the Subject during Acquisition |
---|---|---|---|---|
Subject #1 | TFI | Fovea-10°T | 2023 | 31 yrs |
10°T | 2021 to 2023 | 29–31 yrs | ||
Paris NIRAF | Fovea-10°T | 2017 | 25 yrs | |
Subject #2 | TFI | Fovea-10°T | 2023 | 44 yrs |
Pitt NIRAF | 8°–10°T | 2022 | 43 yrs | |
Subject #3 | TFI | Fovea-10°T | 2023 | 25 yrs |
Pitt NIRAF | 8°T | 2023 | 25 yrs | |
Subject #4 | TFI | Fovea-10°T | 2023 | 28 yrs |
Paris NIRAF | Fovea-10°T | 2017 | 22 yrs |
S#1 | S#2 | S#3 | S#4 | Mean +/− SD | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TFI | NIRAF | TFI | NIRAF | TFI | NIRAF | TFI | NIRAF | TFI | NIRAF | |
Modal spacing (cycles/deg) | 19.8 | 20.6 | 20.1 | 17.5 | 25.5 | 23.0 | 20.7 | 21.6 | 21.5 +/− 2.3 | 20.7 +/− 2 |
Cell spacing (μm) | 16.9 | 16.3 | 16.7 | 19.2 | 13.2 | 14.6 | 16.2 | 15.5 | 15.7 +/− 1.5 | 16.4 +/− 1.7 |
Cell density (cells/mm) | 4027 | 4327 | 4133 | 3117 | 6629 | 5411 | 4397 | 4777 | 4797 +/− 1066 | 4407 +/− 839 |
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Gofas-Salas, E.; Lee, D.M.W.; Rondeau, C.; Grieve, K.; Rossi, E.A.; Paques, M.; Gocho, K. Comparison between Two Adaptive Optics Methods for Imaging of Individual Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 768. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070768
Gofas-Salas E, Lee DMW, Rondeau C, Grieve K, Rossi EA, Paques M, Gocho K. Comparison between Two Adaptive Optics Methods for Imaging of Individual Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(7):768. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070768
Chicago/Turabian StyleGofas-Salas, Elena, Daniel M. W. Lee, Christophe Rondeau, Kate Grieve, Ethan A. Rossi, Michel Paques, and Kiyoko Gocho. 2024. "Comparison between Two Adaptive Optics Methods for Imaging of Individual Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells" Diagnostics 14, no. 7: 768. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070768