Influence of Bacterial Secondary Symbionts in Sitobion avenae on Its Survival Fitness against Entomopathogenic Fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insect Cultures
2.2. Exclusion of BSS
2.3. PCR Protocol for the Detection of BSS
2.4. Fungal Cultures
2.5. Bioassay
2.6. Fecundity Assay
2.7. Fungal Growth Assay
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Total Mortality in Wheat Aphid
3.2. Fungal Radial Growth
3.3. Fecundity Assay
3.4. Infection Period
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fungus Genotype | Strain | Geographic Origin | Insect Host | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beauveria bassiana | Bb1022 | Canada | Rhyacionia buoliana | Vidal & Jaber, 2015 [47] |
EABb04/01-Tip | Spain | Iraella luteipes | Quesada-Moraga et al., 2009 [48] | |
Metarrhizium brunneum | BIPESCO 5/F52 | Austria | Cydia pomonella | Eckard et al., 2014 [49] |
ART2825 | Switzerland | Agriotes obscurus | Kölliker et al., 2011 [50] |
Beauveria bassiana | Metarhizium brunneum | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Days | Bb1022 | EABb 04/01-Tip | ART 2825 | BIPESCO 5 | ||||
Clone +5 | Clone −5 | Clone +5 | Clone −5 | Clone +5 | Clone −5 | Clone +5 | Clone −5 | |
5 | 3.9 ± 0.2 a | 3.6 ± 0.1 a | 4.4 ± 0.2 a | 4.3 ± 0.1 a | 2.3 ± 0.2 b | 3.5 ± 0.1 a | 4.7 ± 0.2 a | 5.3 ± 0.2 a |
7 | 7.2 ± 0.1 a | 7.1 ± 0.1 a | 7.1 ± 0.2 a | 7.5 ± 0.1 a | 4.3 ± 0.3 b | 5.5 ± 0.2 a | 7.9 ± 0.4 b | 8.9 ± 0.3 a |
9 | 10.3 ± 0.2 a | 10.3 ± 0.2 a | 10.5 ± 0.2 a | 10.6 ± 0.2 a | 7.4 ± 0.4 a | 7.9 ± 0.2 a | 11.7 ± 0.4 a | 11.8 ± 0.5 a |
Clone +7 | Clone −7 | Clone +7 | Clone −7 | Clone +7 | Clone −7 | Clone +7 | Clone −7 | |
5 | 3.3 ± 0.2 a | 3.3 ± 0.1 a | 4.2 ± 0.1 a | 4.5 ± 0.1 a | 2.9 ± 0.1 b | 3.5 ± 0.3 a | 4.1 ± 0.2 b | 5.2 ± 0.2 a |
7 | 6.7 ± 0.2 a | 6.7 ± 0.2 a | 7.2 ± 0.2 a | 7.2 ± 0.1 a | 4.5 ± 0.1 b | 5.8 ± 0.4 a | 7.6 ± 0.3 b | 8.3 ± 0.3 a |
9 | 9.3 ± 0.2 a | 9.6 ± 0.2 a | 9.8 ± 0.3 a | 9.9 ± 0.2 a | 6.9 ± 0.2 b | 8.1 ± 0.4 a | 10.9 ± 0.5 a | 11.3 ± 0.4 a |
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Ali, S.; Sajjad, A.; Shakeel, Q.; Farooqi, M.A.; Aqueel, M.A.; Tariq, K.; Ullah, M.I.; Iqbal, A.; Jamal, A.; Saeed, M.F.; et al. Influence of Bacterial Secondary Symbionts in Sitobion avenae on Its Survival Fitness against Entomopathogenic Fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum. Insects 2022, 13, 1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13111037
Ali S, Sajjad A, Shakeel Q, Farooqi MA, Aqueel MA, Tariq K, Ullah MI, Iqbal A, Jamal A, Saeed MF, et al. Influence of Bacterial Secondary Symbionts in Sitobion avenae on Its Survival Fitness against Entomopathogenic Fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum. Insects. 2022; 13(11):1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13111037
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Sajjad, Asif Sajjad, Qaiser Shakeel, M. Aslam Farooqi, M. Anjum Aqueel, Kaleem Tariq, Muhammad Irfan Ullah, Aamir Iqbal, Aftab Jamal, Muhammad Farhan Saeed, and et al. 2022. "Influence of Bacterial Secondary Symbionts in Sitobion avenae on Its Survival Fitness against Entomopathogenic Fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum" Insects 13, no. 11: 1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13111037