Wolbachia in Black Spiny Whiteflies and Their New Parasitoid Wasp in Japan: Evidence of the Distinct Infection Status on Aleurocanthus camelliae Cryptic Species Complex
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. DNA Extraction
2.3. Morphomolecular Identification
2.4. Nested PCR for Determining Wolbachia Infections and MLST Sequencing
2.5. Bacteriophage Detection and Wolbachia Phenotypic Characteristic Determination
2.6. DNA Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
2.7. Genetic Differentiation, Network Analysis, and Recombination Test of Wolbachia
3. Results
3.1. Morphomolecular Identification
3.2. Positivity and Infection Rates of Wolbachia
3.3. Genetic Diversity of Wolbachia
3.4. Phage WO Detection and Wolbachia Phenotypic Screening
3.5. Recombination and Haplotype Diversity of Wolbachia
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Whitefly Species | Haplotype | Locality (Prefecture) | Host Plant | Year | Label Isolate * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. camelliae | B1 | Shizuoka | C. sinensis | 2010 | A1V10 |
B1 | Shizuoka | C. sinensis | 2011 | A1V11 | |
B1 | Shizuoka | C. sinensis | 2017 | A1V17 | |
B1 | Shizuoka | C. sinensis | 2018 | A1V18 | |
B1 | Shizuoka | C. sinensis | 2019 | A1V19 | |
B1 | Shizuoka | C. sinensis | 2020 | A1V20 | |
B1 | Shizuoka | C. japonica | 2020 | A1W20 | |
B1 | Shizuoka | E. japonica | 2021 | A1X21 | |
B1 | Shizuoka | C. sasanqua | 2020 | A1Y20 | |
B1 | Shiga | C. sinensis | 2009 | B1V09 | |
B1 | Shiga | C. sinensis | 2020 | B1V20 | |
B1 | Mie | C. sinensis | 2011 | C1V11 | |
B1 | Osaka | C. sasanqua | 2020 | D1Y20 | |
B1 | Kyoto | C. sinensis | 2009 | E1V09 | |
B1 | Kyoto | C. sinensis | 2020 | E1V20 | |
B1 | Tokyo | E.japonica | 2022 | F1W22 | |
A. spiniferus | A1 | Shizuoka | Ci.sinensis | 2020 | A2Z20 a |
A1 | Shizuoka | Ci.sinensis | 2021 | A2Z21 | |
A1 | Shizuoka | Ci.sinensis | 2022 | A2Z22 | |
? | Tokyo | E. japonica | 2020 | F2X20 | |
P. euryae | Shizuoka | E. japonica | 2021 | A3X21 | |
Shizuoka | C. sinensis | 2020 | A3V20 | ||
Kyoto | C. sinensis | 2020 | E3V20 |
Gene | Isolates | Type a | Close Relative | % Similarity | Source | Infection |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COI-1 | A1V20-1 | B1 | Encarsia sp. | 90.94 | KJ444561.1 | (+) |
A1W20-1 | B1 | Encarsia inquirenda | 92.74 | MH928989.1 | (+) | |
A1W20-2 | B1 | Encarsia perniciosi | 90.28 | JQ083717.1 | (+) | |
A1W20-3 | B1 | A. spiniferus | 99.38 | KJ437166.1 | (+) | |
D1Y20 | B1 | A. spiniferus | 99.53 | KJ437166.1 | (+) | |
B1V20 | B1 | Encarsia obtusiclava | 90.17 | MG813798.1 | (−) | |
F2X20-1 | - | Aleurocanthus sp. | 81.75 | KY835557.1 | (−) | |
F2X20-2 | - | Aleurocanthus sp. | 81.95 | KY836994.1 | (−) | |
A1V20-2 | B1 | Eretmocerus orchamoplati | 88.78 | JF750712.1 | (+) | |
A2Z20-1 b | - | E. orchamoplati | 84.62 | JF750714.1 | (+) | |
A2Z20-2 b | - | Aleurocanthus arecae | 83.18 | MZ301225.1 | (−) | |
COI-2 | F2X20-4 | - | E. smithi type 2 | 99.46 | AB786724.1 | (−) |
F2X20-3 | - | E. smithi type 1 | 97.82 | AB786726.1 | (+) | |
F2X20-5 | - | T. acaciae | 80.72 | MT901108.1 | (−) | |
A2Z21-1 | - | E. smithi type 1 | 99.32 | AB786726.1 | (−) | |
A2Z21-2 | - | E. smithi type 1 | 99.32 | AB786726.1 | (−) | |
A1V20-3 | B1 | E. smithi type 1 | 99.57 | AB786726.1 | (+) | |
A1V20-4 | B1 | E. smithi type 1 | 98.29 | AB786726.1 | (+) | |
COB | F2X20-3 | - | Encarsia formosa | 86.44 | MG813797.1 | (+) |
F2X20-4 | - | E. formosa | 86.49 | MG813797.1 | (−) | |
A1V20-5 | B1 | E. formosa | 86.39 | MG813797.1 | (+) | |
A1V20-6 | B1 | Eretmocerus sp. | 84.89 | KX714964.1 | (+) | |
A1V20-7 | B1 | E. formosa | 85.91 | MG813797.1 | (+) | |
A1X21 | B1 | Eretmocerus sp. | 85.16 | KX714964.1 | (+) | |
A2Z21-3 | - | E. formosa | 86.57 | MG813797.1 | (−) | |
A2Z21-4 | - | E. formosa | 86.26 | MG813797.1 | (−) |
Species | Host | No. Samples Assessed | mtCOI Gene of Host Amplification | Positive Infection (Nested PCR) | Infection Rate c (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. camelliae | C. sinensis | 738 | 728 | 703 | 96.5 |
C. sasanqua | 30 | 30 | 2 | 6.7 | |
C. japonica | 15 | 15 | 6 | 40 | |
E. japonica | 1 | 1 | 1 | 100 a | |
A. spiniferus | C.sinensis | 104 | 103 | 2 | 1.9 |
Aleurocanthus cf. A. spiniferus | E. japonica | 40 | 40 | 1 | 2.5 |
E. smithi | A. spiniferus | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0 |
Eretmocerus | A. camelliae | 7 | 7 | 7 | 100 |
A. spiniferusb | 1 | 1 | 1 | 100 | |
Total | 952 | 941 | 722 |
Gene | Sample Pool | N | S | h | Molecular Diversity Indices | Neutrality Tests | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hd | π | k | Tajima’s D (P) | Fu and Li’s F (P) | |||||
wsp | A. camelliae populations | 30 | 5 | 3 | 0.1 | 0.00099 | 0.33 | −2.00763 (<0.05) * | −3.34142 (<0.02) ** |
Associated populations * | 8 | 122 | 8 | 1.0 | 0.13692 | 46.14 | −0.60085 (>0.10) ns | −0.61175 (>0.10) ns | |
16S rRNA | A. camelliae populations | 51 | 85 | 21 | 0.8 | 0.02292 | 7.71 | −2.31567 (<0.01) ** | −3.93027 (<0.02) ** |
Associated populations * | 9 | 36 | 2 | 0.2 | 0.02026 | 7.33 | −1.99788 (<001) ** | −2.48500 (<0.02) ** |
Isolates | Sequence Dissimilarity | Phenotypic Screening | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | pk1a | pk1b | pk2b1 | pk2b2 | cifA | cifB | ||
1 | A1V20-1 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.004 | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | |
2 | A1V20-2 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.004 | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | |
3 | F2X20 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.004 | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | |
4 | A1X21 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) |
Gene | No. Events a | Putative Recombination b | Major Parent c (% Similarity) | Minor Parent d (% Similarity) | Analysis | GENECONV | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R | G | B | M | C | S | P | L | 3S | Start | End | |||||
wsp | 1 | E3V20 | E1V20 (82.6) | Unknown | (−) | + | (−) | + | + | (−) | + | (−) | (−) | 94 | 254 |
16S rRNA | 2 | A1V20-10 | A1V20-13 (96.3) | Unknown | (−) | + | (−) | + | + | + | + | (−) | (−) | 284 | 372 |
3 | A1V20-27 | A1V20-13 (96.7) | Unknown | + | + | (−) | (−) | + | (−) | + | (−) | (−) | 237 | 376 | |
4 | F2X20 | A1V20-13 (95.2) | Unknown | + | + | (−) | + | + | (−) | + | (−) | (−) | 288 | 380 | |
MLST | 5 | A1V20-3 | A1V19-1 (94) | Unknown | + | + | + | + | + | (−) | + | (−) | (−) | 409 | 755 |
6 | A1V20-2 | A1V19-1 (94.2) | Unknown | + | + | + | + | + | (−) | + | (−) | (−) | 396 | 764 | |
7 | A1V20-4 | A1V19-2 (93.1) | Drosophila simulans (89.4) | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | (−) | (−) | 1 | 362 | |
8 | A1V20-1 | A1V19-2 (96.5) | D. simulans (97) | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | (−) | (−) | 131 | 361 | |
9 | A1V19-2 | A1Y20 (94.7) | A1V20-4 (99.8) | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | (−) | (−) | 1250 | ∞~ | |
10 | A1V19-1 | A1Y20 (95.2) | Brugia malayi (92.8) | + | + | (−) | + | + | (−) | + | (−) | (−) | ∞~ | 628 |
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Andrianto, E.; Kasai, A. Wolbachia in Black Spiny Whiteflies and Their New Parasitoid Wasp in Japan: Evidence of the Distinct Infection Status on Aleurocanthus camelliae Cryptic Species Complex. Insects 2022, 13, 788. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13090788
Andrianto E, Kasai A. Wolbachia in Black Spiny Whiteflies and Their New Parasitoid Wasp in Japan: Evidence of the Distinct Infection Status on Aleurocanthus camelliae Cryptic Species Complex. Insects. 2022; 13(9):788. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13090788
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrianto, Eko, and Atsushi Kasai. 2022. "Wolbachia in Black Spiny Whiteflies and Their New Parasitoid Wasp in Japan: Evidence of the Distinct Infection Status on Aleurocanthus camelliae Cryptic Species Complex" Insects 13, no. 9: 788. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13090788