Assessment of Lambda-Cyhalothrin and Spinetoram Toxicity and Their Effects on the Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes and Acetylcholinesterase in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Larvae
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. In Vitro Rearing of Honey Bee Larvae
2.3. Assessment of Risk to Honey Bee Larva
2.3.1. Acute Toxicity Test for Honey Bee Larvae (Single Exposure)
2.3.2. Chronic Toxicity Test for Honey Bee Larvae (Repeated Exposure)
2.3.3. Analysis of Mortality, Emergence Rate, and Morphological Abnormality
2.4. Assessment of the Enzyme Activity
2.4.1. SOD Assay
2.4.2. CAT Assay
2.4.3. GST Assay
2.4.4. AChE Assay
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Acute Toxicity of LCY and SPI in Honey Bee Larvae (Survival of Honey Bee Larvae and Endpoint)
3.2. Chronic Toxicity of Lambda-Cyhalothrin and Spinetoram in Honey Bee Larvae
3.2.1. Effect of Chronic Toxicity (Survival of Honey Bee Larvae and Endpoint)
3.2.2. Morphological Abnormality
3.3. Analysis of Enzyme Activity
3.3.1. Survival of Honey Bee Larvae
3.3.2. Physiological Effects of Lambda-Cyhalothrin
3.3.3. Physiological Effects of Spinetoram
4. Discussion
4.1. Acute Toxicity to Bee Larvae (Single Larvae Exposure)
4.2. Chronic Toxicity to Bee Larvae (Repeated Larvae Exposure)
4.3. Analysis of the Enzyme Activity
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bioassay | Pesticide | LC50 (mg/L) | LD50 (μg a.i./larva) | Chronic NOED a (μg a.i./larva) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acute toxicity b | Lambda-cyhalothrin | 1.947 (1.706–2.185) | 0.058 (0.051–0.066) | |
Spinetoram | 0.826 (0.449–1.166) | 0.026 (0.01–0.045) | ||
Chronic toxicity c | Lambda-cyhalothrin | 0.289 (0.238–0.327) | 0.040 (0.033–0.046) | 0.0125 |
Spinetoram | 0.119 (0.103–0.133) | 0.017 (0.014–0.019) | 0.0125 |
Chemical | Treatment Group (μg/larva) | Larval Mortality (%) | Pupal Mortality (%) | Adult Emergence Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Negative control | 0.0 | 15.3 (±2.6) | 84.7 (±2.8) | |
Solvent control | 0.0 | 22.2 (±2.8) | 77.8 (±2.8) | |
Lambda-cyhalothrin | 0.00625 | 2.8 (±1.8) | 15.5 (±2.4) | 81.9 (±1.4) |
0.0125 | 1.4 (±1.4) | 25.3 (±5.2) | 73.6 (±5.0) | |
0.025 | 2.8 (±1.8) | 28.4 (±5.0) | 69.4 (±4.6) * | |
0.05 | 23.6 (±3.3) *** | 71.5 (±4.7) *** | 22.2 (±4.1) *** | |
0.1 | 97.2 (±1.8) *** | 100 | - | |
Spinetoram | 0.0015625 | 2.8 (±1.8) | 18.4 (±4.7) | 79.2 (±4.2) |
0.003125 | 1.4 (±1.4) | 18.3 (±5.0) | 80.6 (±5.1) | |
0.00625 | 5.6 (±2.8) | 21.1 (±5.0) | 75 (±5.7) | |
0.0125 | 18.1 (±3.3) *** | 16.5 (±2.7) | 68.1 (±1.4) | |
0.025 | 61.1 (±6.3) *** | 91.3 (±4.1) *** | 8.3 *** |
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Choi, J.-Y.; Chon, K.; Kim, J.; Vasamsetti, B.M.K.; Kim, B.-S.; Yoon, C.-Y.; Hwang, S.; Park, K.-H.; Lee, J.-H. Assessment of Lambda-Cyhalothrin and Spinetoram Toxicity and Their Effects on the Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes and Acetylcholinesterase in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Larvae. Insects 2024, 15, 587. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080587
Choi J-Y, Chon K, Kim J, Vasamsetti BMK, Kim B-S, Yoon C-Y, Hwang S, Park K-H, Lee J-H. Assessment of Lambda-Cyhalothrin and Spinetoram Toxicity and Their Effects on the Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes and Acetylcholinesterase in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Larvae. Insects. 2024; 15(8):587. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080587
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Ji-Yeong, Kyongmi Chon, Juyeong Kim, Bala Murali Krishna Vasamsetti, Bo-Seon Kim, Chang-Young Yoon, Sojeong Hwang, Kyeong-Hun Park, and Ji-Hoon Lee. 2024. "Assessment of Lambda-Cyhalothrin and Spinetoram Toxicity and Their Effects on the Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes and Acetylcholinesterase in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Larvae" Insects 15, no. 8: 587. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080587