Cannibalism as a Possible Entry Route for Opportunistic Pathogenic Bacteria to Insect Hosts, Exemplified by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Pathogen of the Giant Mealworm Zophobas morio
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. P. aeruginosa (Isolation, Identification and Preservation)
2.2. Zophobas morio
2.3. Infection Experiments
2.4. Statistical Analysis of Bioassays
3. Results
3.1. Observations on Disease Symptoms in Z. morio Larvae
3.2. Characterization of P. aeruginosa
3.3. Infection Experiments
4. Discussion and Conclusions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. FASTA Sequence of P. aeruginosa Isolate from Z. morio
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Possible Entry Route/Transmission Route | ||
---|---|---|
Experiment | Per os | Cuticular |
Force-feeding | x | |
Group exposure (feed) | x | x |
Subdermal injection | x | |
Purposeful wounding | x | x |
Microorganism/Reaction | ONPG | ADH | LDC | CIT | H2S | URE | TDA | IND | VP | GEL | GLU | MAN | INO | SOR | RHA | SAC | MEL | AMY | ARA | OX | NO2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isolate from Z. morio | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||
P. aeruginosa | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||
P. fluorescens/putida | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Order | Insect Species | Instar | Force-Feeding | Diet Incorporation | Sub Dermal Injection | Other Method | Reference | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entry Route | Per os | Per os | Cuticular | Cuticular | |||||||||||
Dose (UFC/ind.) | Mort (%) | DDpi * | Dose (UFC/ind.) | Mort (%) | DDpi * | Dose (UFC/ind.) | Mort (%) | DDpi * | Dose (UFC/ind.) | Mort (%) | DDpi * | ||||
Lepidoptera | Galleria mellonella (1) | L5 | 1 | 50 | 2+ | [6,31] | |||||||||
Bombyx mori (2) (3) | L5 | 3.57 × 102 | 60 | 2 | [32] | ||||||||||
L5 | 3.57 × 104 | 100 | 2 | ||||||||||||
Orthoptera | Camulla pellucida & Melanoplus bivitattus (4) | - | 8 × 103–2.9 × 103 | 50 | 7–21 | 10–20 | 50 | 2–3 | [21] | ||||||
Schistocerca gregaria (5) | - | 1.8 × 104–2.4 × 104 | 50 | 2 | 6 × 104 | 100 | 1 | 5.3 × 104 (°) | 100 | 1 | [33] | ||||
5.3 × 104 | 100 | 2 | |||||||||||||
Diptera | Drosophila melanogaster (6) | Adult | - | 50 | 1+ | [34] | |||||||||
D. melanogaster (2) (7) | Adult | - | 100 | 1+ | [35] | ||||||||||
Coleoptera | Rynchophorus ferrugineus (8) | L1 | 1 × 105 | 50 | 9 × 102 | 50 | 6 ± 3 | 1 × 105 | 50 | 8 ± 3 | [19] | ||||
L2 | 1 × 105 | 50 | 1 × 103 | 50 | 6 ± 3 | 1 × 105 | 50 | 8 ± 3 | |||||||
PP | 4 × 105 | 50 | 2 × 103 | 50 | 6 ± 3 | 2 × 105 | 50 | 8 ± 3 | |||||||
Z. morio (9) | L | 1.1 × 107 | 56 | 1–2 | 5.4 × 106 | 98 | 1–2 | 2.2 × 107 (^) | 32 | 11–12 | This work | ||||
L | 5.4 × 106 | 30 | 1–2 | 5.4 × 105 | 41 | 4–5 | 3.6 × 107 (^^) | 56.6 | 15 |
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Maciel-Vergara, G.; Jensen, A.B.; Eilenberg, J. Cannibalism as a Possible Entry Route for Opportunistic Pathogenic Bacteria to Insect Hosts, Exemplified by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Pathogen of the Giant Mealworm Zophobas morio. Insects 2018, 9, 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9030088
Maciel-Vergara G, Jensen AB, Eilenberg J. Cannibalism as a Possible Entry Route for Opportunistic Pathogenic Bacteria to Insect Hosts, Exemplified by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Pathogen of the Giant Mealworm Zophobas morio. Insects. 2018; 9(3):88. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9030088
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaciel-Vergara, Gabriela, Annette Bruun Jensen, and Jørgen Eilenberg. 2018. "Cannibalism as a Possible Entry Route for Opportunistic Pathogenic Bacteria to Insect Hosts, Exemplified by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Pathogen of the Giant Mealworm Zophobas morio" Insects 9, no. 3: 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9030088