Skills Requirements for the European Machine Tool Sector Emerging from Its Digitalization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Digitalisation of Machine Tool Industry
3. Identifying the Current and Future Skills Requirements for the Machine Tool Sector
3.1. General Skills Trends for the Machine Tool Sector
3.2. Long-Term Skills Strategy
3.3. Development of the Sectorial Database
3.3.1. Materials and Methods
3.3.2. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ISO | The International Organization for Standardization |
EDM | Electrical Discharge Machining |
SME | Small or Medium-Sized Company |
CPS | Cyber-Physical-Systems |
IoS | Internet of Services (IoS) |
M2M | Machine to Machine |
CECIMO | European Association of the Machine Tool Industries |
QA | Quality Assurance |
AVM | Automated Virtual Metrology |
AI | Artificial Intelligence |
IoT | Internet of Things |
VBA | Visual Basic for Applications |
ESCO | European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations |
ISCO | Standard Classification of Occupations |
ILO | International Labor Organization |
ICT | Information and Communications Technology |
CEPIS | Council of European Professional Informatics Societies |
CEN | European Committee for Standardization |
ESSA | Blueprint “New Skills Agenda Steel”: Industry-driven sustainable European Steel Skills Agenda and Strategy |
APPRENTICESHIPQ | Development and Research on Innovative Vocational Educational Skills Mainstreaming Procedures for Quality Apprenticeships in Educational Organisations and Enterprises |
SMeART | Knowledge Alliance for Upskilling Europe’s SMEs to Meet the Challenges of Smart Engineering |
SPIRE-SAIS | Skills Alliance for Industrial Symbiosis—A Cross-Sectoral Blueprint for a Sustainable Process Industry |
METALS | Machine Tool Alliance for Skills |
ACETECH | German National Academy of Science and Engineering |
References
- Boiocchi, F. Sharp Decline in Machine Tool Orders—Many Sectors Reluctant to Invest. Metal Working World Magazine. Available online: https://www.metalworkingworldmagazine.com/sharp-decline-in-machine-tool-orders-many-sectors-reluctant-to-invest/ (accessed on 23 October 2020).
- FWC Sector Competitiveness Studies. Competitiveness of the EU Metalworking and Metal Articles Industries Final Report 18th November 2009. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/12314/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/native (accessed on 9 November 2020).
- CECIMO, European Association of the Machine Tool Industries and Related Manufacturing Technologies. Machine Tools. Available online: https://www.cecimo.eu/machine-tools/ (accessed on 1 November 2020).
- ISO Online Browsing Platform. ISO 14955-1:201 Machine Tools—Environmental Evaluation of Machine Tools—Part 1: Design Methodology for Energy-Efficient Machine Tools. Available online: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:14955:-1:ed-2:v1:en (accessed on 20 October 2020).
- CECIMO; European Association of the Machine Tool Industries and Related Manufacturing Technologies. CECIMO Circular Economy Report: The European Machine Sector and the Circular Economy. Available online: https://www.cecimo.eu/publications/report-circular-economy/ (accessed on 20 October 2020).
- Karacay, G. Talent Development for Industry 4.0. In Industry 4.0: Managing the Digital Transformation; Ustundag, A., Cevikcan, E., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; pp. 123–135. [Google Scholar]
- Branca, T.A.; Fornai, B.; Colla, V.; Murri, M.M.; Streppa, E.; Schröder, A.J. The Challenge of Digitalization in the Steel Sector. Metals 2020, 10, 288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- European Commission; European Council; the Council; the European Economic and Social Committee; the Committee of the Regions; the European Investment Bank. Investing in a Smart, Innovative and Sustainable Industry. A Renewed EU Industrial Policy Strategy. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2017%3A0479%3AFIN (accessed on 24 October 2020).
- Beltrametti, L.; Guarnacci, N. La Fabbrica Connessa. La Manifattura Italiana (Attra)Verso Industria 4.0; goWare & Edizioni Guerini e Associati: Milan, Italy, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, B.; Wan, J.; Shu, L.; Li, P.; Mukherjee, M.; Yin, B. Smart factory of Industry 4.0: Key technologies, application case, and challenges. IEEE Access 2017, 6, 6505–6519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lizarralde-Dorronsoro, R.; Ganzarain-Epelde, J.; López, C.; Serrano-Lasa, I. An Industry 4.0 maturity model for machine tool companies. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2020, 159, 120203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eguren-Egiguren, J.-A.; Goti-Elordi, A.; Pozueta-Fernandez, L. Design, Application and Evaluation of a Model for Process Impovement in the context if mature industrial sectors: Case Study. Dyna 2011, 86, 59–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ACATECH. Position Paper, Skills for Industrie 4.0: Training Requirements and Solutions. ACATECH Position Paper. Available online: https://www.acatech.de/publikation/kompetenzen-fuer-industrie-4-0-qualifizierungsbedarfe-und-loesungsansaetze/download-pdf/ (accessed on 27 November 2020).
- Gavilanes-Trapote, J.; Río-Belver, M.R.; Cilleruelo-Carrasco, E.; Rodríguez-Andara, A. Visualization of the digital transformation of the machine tool sector towards an industry 4.0. Dyna 2018, 93, 587–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Garcia, I.; Sanchez, F.; Otegi, J.-R. Blockchain as a key component in the machine tool sector under industry 4.0. Dyna 2019, 94, 253–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, C.; Xu, X. Cyber-Physical Machine Tool—The Era of Machine Tool 4.0. Procedia CIRP 2017, 63, 70–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, C.; Vengayil, H.; Zhong, R.Y.; Xu, X. A systematic development method for cyber-physical machine tools. J. Manuf. Syst. 2018, 48, 13–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barton, D.; Gönnheimer, P.; Schade, F.; Ehrmann, C.; Becker, J.; Fleischer, J. Modular smart controller for Industry 4.0 functions in machine tools. Procedia CIRP 2019, 81, 1331–1336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kodama, F.; Shibata, T. Beyond fusion towards IoT by way of open innovation: An investigation based on the Japanese machine tool industry 1975-2015. J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2017, 3, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- The History of Industry 4.0 and How to Changing Machine Tools. Available online: https://www.market-prospects.com/articles/industry-4-0-how-to-changing-machine-tools (accessed on 9 November 2020).
- 5 Ways Machine Tools Are Impacted by Industry 4.0. Available online: https://www.americanmachinist.com/enterprise-data/article/21903107/5-ways-machine-tools-are-impacted-by-industry-40 (accessed on 9 November 2020).
- Schmidt, B.; Wang, L. Predictive Maintenance of Machine Tool Linear Axes: A Case from Manufacturing Industry. Procedia Manuf. 2018, 17, 118–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goti-Elordi, A.; De La Calle-Vicente, A.; Gil-Larrea, M.; Errasti, A.; Uradnicek, J. Application of a Business Intelligence Tool within the Context of Big Data in a Food Industry Company. Dyna 2017, 92, 347–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tieng, H.; Tsai, T.H.; Chen, C.F.; Yang, H.C.; Huang, J.W.; Cheng, F.T. Automatic Virtual Metrology and Deformation Fusion Scheme for Engine-Case Manufacturing. IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 2018, 3, 934–941. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ESSA. ESTEP—European Steel Skills Agenda (ESSA). Agreement Number: 2018-3059/001-001, Project Number: 600886-EPP-1-2018-1-DE-EPPKA2-SSA-B. Available online: https://www.estep.eu/essa/ (accessed on 28 March 2020).
- Stock, T.; Seliger, G. Opportunities of Sustainable Manufacturing in Industry 4.0. Procedia CIRP 2016, 40, 536–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sony, M. Pros and Cons of Implementing Industry 4.0 for the Organizations: A Review and Synthesis of Evidence. Prod. Manuf. Res. 2020, 1, 244–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Digitising Industry: Best Practices to Promote the Digital Transformation of SMEs in Traditional Sectors of the Economy. Available online: https://eufordigital.eu/digitising-industry-best-practices-to-promote-the-digital-transformation-of-smes-in-traditional-sectors-of-the-economy/ (accessed on 29 November 2020).
- European Commission (Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises). Blueprint for Sectoral Cooperation on Skills; Publications Office of the EU: Luxembourg, 2019; Available online: https://op.europa.eu/es/publication-detail/-/publication/ff0f8660-ca07-11e9-992f-01aa75ed71a1 (accessed on 24 October 2020).
- Lindzon, J. How AI Is Changing the Way Companies Are Organized. Available online: https://www.fastcompany.com/3068492/how-ai-is-changing-the-way-companies-are-organized (accessed on 24 October 2020).
- Bughin, J.; Hazan, E.; Lund, S.; Dahlström, P.; Wiesinger, A.; Subramaniam, A. Skill Shift:Automation and the Future of the Workforce; McKinsey Global Institute: Brussels, Belgium, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Deming, D. The Growing Importance of Social Skills in the Labor Market. Q. J. Econ. 2015, 132, 1593–1640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grundke, R.; Squicciarini, M.; Jamet, S.; Kalamova, M. Having the right mix: The role of skill bundles for comparative advantage and industry performance in GVCs. OECD Sci. Technol. Ind. Work. Pap. 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, V.H.; Ooi, K.B.; Chong, A.Y.L.; Lin, B. A structural analysis of greening the supplier, environmental performance and competitive advantage. Prod. Plan. Control 2015, 26, 116–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horrillo, J.; Triado, J. Carencias Formativas de los Grados de Ingeniería para la Industria 4.0 en España. Una Propuesta de Actuaciones. Dyna 2018, 93, 365–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Freddi, D. Digitalisation and employment in manufacturing: Pace of the digitalisation process and impact on employment in advanced Italian manufacturing companies. AI Soc. 2018, 33, 393–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DRIVES. Project Title: DRIVES: Development and Research on Innovative Vocational Educational Skills, Program: Erasmus+ Knowledge Alliances. Project lifetime: 1 January 2018–31 December 2021. Project Co-ordinator: Technical University of Ostrava (Czech Republic). Available online: https://www.project-drives.eu/en/home (accessed on 24 October 2020).
- ApprenticeshipQ. Project Title: Mainstreaming Procedures for Quality Apprenticeships in Educational Organisations and Enterprises (ApprenticeshipQ). Program: Erasmus+ Knowledge Alliances. Project Lifetime: 1 January 2018–31 December 2020. Project Co-ordinator: Baden-Wuer. Available online: https://apprenticeshipq.eu/ (accessed on 24 October 2020).
- SMeART. SMeART–Making Europe’s SMEs Smart, Knowledge Alliance for Upskilling Europe‘s SMEs to Meet the Challenges of Smart Engineering. Project Reference Number: 575932-EPP-2016-DE-EPPKA2-KA. Available online: http://www.smeart.eu/en/about/ (accessed on 28 March 2020).
- Spire-Sais Skills Alliance for Industrial Symbiosis. A Cross-Sectoral Blueprint for a Sustainable Process Industry. SPIRE. Available online: https://www.spire2030.eu/sais (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Akyazi, T.; Goti, A.; Oyarbide, A.; Alberdi, E.; Bayon, F. A Guide for the Food Industry to Meet the Future Skills Requirements Emerging with Industry 4.0. Foods 2020, 9, 492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Akyazi, T.; Oyarbide-Zubillaga, A.; Goti, A.; Gaviria, J.; Bayon, F. Roadmap for the future professional skills for the Oil and Gas Industry facing Industrial Revolution 4.0. Hydrocarb. Process. 2020. Available online: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Roadmap+for+the+future+professional+skills+for+the+Oil+and+Gas+Industry+facing+Industrial+Revolution+4.0&btnG= (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Akyazi, T.; Alvarez, I.; Alberdi, E.; Oyarbide-Zubillaga, A.; Goti, A.; Bayon, F. Skills Needs of the Civil Engineering Sector in the European Union Countries: Current Situation and Future Trends. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 7226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Project Title: METALS Machine Tool Alliance for Skills, Program: Erasmus + Knowledge Alliances, Project Lifetime: 1 January 2015–31 December 2018, Project Co-ordinator: CECIMO—European Association of the Machine Tool Industries. Project Reference Number: 562464-EPP-1-2015-1-BE-EPPKA2-SSA. Available online: http://www.metalsalliance.eu/ (accessed on 30 November 2020).
- ESCO—European Commission ESCO. European Skills/Competences Qualifications and Occupations. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/esco/portal/home?resetLanguage=true&newLanguage=en (accessed on 26 October 2020).
- CEPIS Council of European Professional Informatics Societies. Available online: https://cepis.org/ (accessed on 26 October 2020).
- CEN European Committee for Standardization. Available online: https://www.cen.eu/about/Pages/default.aspx (accessed on 26 October 2020).
- European Committee for Standardization. WS ICT Skills. Available online: https://www.cen.eu/work/areas/ict/eeducation/pages/ws-ict-skills.aspx (accessed on 28 March 2020).
- ACATECH. German National Academy of Science and Engineering. Available online: https://en.acatech.de/academy/ (accessed on 30 November 2020).
Technical Future Skills for the Machine Tool Industry |
---|
IoT |
Big Data |
Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
Sensors Technology |
Augmented Reality |
Machine Learning |
Business Intelligence (BI) |
Cloud Computing |
Collaborative/Autonomous Robotics |
Agile human-machine interfaces (HM) |
Cyber-physical systems (CBS) |
Augmented Reality (AR) |
Digital twin |
Additive Manufacturing |
Post-processing |
Laser technology |
3D printing |
Reverse engineering |
CURA 3D software |
ERP and MES systems |
Communication among components, equipment (M2M), and environment |
Online inspection and monitoring systems |
Equipment and process monitoring & its implementation |
Automated virtual metrology (AVM) system |
Traceability |
Blockchain |
Predictive and Proactive maintenance |
Computerized Maintenance Management |
Process simulation and integration in manufacturing |
Virtual systems for process simulation and for process control |
Basic digital skills |
Basic data input and processing |
Advanced IT skills and programming |
Advanced data analysis and modelization |
Data management-safe storage, |
Cybersecurity |
Use of digital communication tools |
E-commerce |
Financial literacy |
Knowledge and understanding of quality procedures related to digital transformation |
Future Transversal Skills for the Machine Tool Industry |
---|
Advanced communication skills |
Negotiation skills |
Customer relationship management |
Interpersonal skills and empathy |
Leadership and managing others |
Entrepreneurship and initiative taking |
Risk management |
Opportunity assessment |
Adaptability and adapt to change |
Continuous learning |
Teaching and training others |
Critical thinking and decision making |
Cross-functional process know-how |
Interdisciplinary thinking and acting |
Personal experience |
Ethical skills |
Cultural empathy |
Work autonomously |
Active listening |
Teamwork skills |
Basic numeracy and communication |
Advanced literacy |
Quantitative and statistical skills |
Complex information processing and interpretation |
Process analysis |
Appropriate linguistic skills |
Creativity |
Conflict resolution |
Complex problem solving |
Future Green Skills for the Machine Tool Industry |
---|
Environmental awareness |
Energy efficiency |
Platforms for energy management of equipment and plants |
Monitoring systems of energy consumption |
Sustainable resource management |
Waste reduction and waste management |
Water conservation |
Resource reuse/recycling |
Knowledge and understanding of international and national standards and legislation |
Product life cycle impact assessment |
Circular economy |
Climate change risk management |
Professionals |
Science and engineering professionals |
Architects, planners, surveyors and designers |
Product and garment designers |
Professional Job Profile: Industrial Designer |
ESCO link:http://data.europa.eu/esco/occupation/ab7bccb2-6f81-4a3d-a0c0-fca5d47d2775 |
product design specialist//industrial designers//product designer//CAD design expert//industrial design expert//3D CAD design specialist//industrial design specialist//3D CAD design expert//ergonomic designer//packaging designer//CAD design specialist//ceramic products designer//product design expert//glass products designer//CAD designer//3D CAD designer//toy designer |
Industrial designers work out ideas and develop them into designs and concepts for a wide variety of manufactured products. They integrate creativity, aesthetics, production feasibility, and market relevance in the design of new products. |
ISCO number: 2163 |
Essential |
Knowledge |
Aesthetics |
copyright legislation |
design principles |
engineering principles |
engineering processes |
Ergonomics |
industrial design |
manufacturing processes |
Mathematics |
Skill/Competence |
conduct research on trends in design |
determine suitability of materials |
draft design specifications |
draw design sketches |
follow a brief |
liaise with engineers |
meet deadlines |
perform market research |
present detailed design proposals |
Optional |
Knowledge |
3D modeling |
CAD software |
CAM software |
cost management |
Hydraulics |
industrial engineering |
Skill/Competence |
adapt existing designs to changed circumstances |
adapt to new design materials |
analyze production processes for improvement |
apply 3D imaging techniques |
create a product’s virtual model |
design prototypes |
determine production feasibility |
draw blueprints |
identify customer’s needs |
monitor production developments |
prepare production prototypes |
use CAD software |
use CAE software |
Future skills |
Essential |
advanced data analysis and modelization |
additive manufacturing |
quantitive and statistical skills |
basic digital skills |
energy efficiency |
product life cycle impact assessment |
circular economy |
Cybersecurity |
inspecting and monitoring skills |
teamwork skills |
use of digital communication tools |
critical thinking and decision making |
complex information processing and interpretation |
IoT technology |
CURA 3D software |
collaborative/autonomous robots |
big data |
cloud computing |
sensors technology |
machine learning |
Traceability |
Optional |
adaptability and continuous learning |
teaching and training the others |
interdisciplinary thinking and acting |
active listening |
process analysis |
ESCO Occupation | Industrial Tool Design Engineer | Tooling Engineer |
---|---|---|
Weblink to ESCO | http://data.europa.eu/esco/occupation/8bc48c43-d976-458a-9e3c-ee784572351d | http://data.europa.eu/esco/occupation/79fed799-ab3a-43d9-bd91-414c2c3b2f57 |
Alternative labels | industrial tool engineering specialist//industrial tool design quality control supervisor//industrial tool design developer//tool design engineer//industrial tool technology engineering specialist//industrial tool design producer//industrial tool production supervisor//industrial tool developer//industrial tool technology engineering adviser//industrial tool designer//industrial tool production designer//industrial tool production specialist engineer//industrial tool technology engineering expert//industrial tool development engineer//industrial tool technology engineering consultant//industrial tool test engineer//industrial tool engineering expert//industrial tool graphic designer//industrial tool engineer//industrial tool engineering consultant//industrial tool technology engineer//industrial tool engineering adviser | tooling technology engineering adviser//tooling engineering adviser//tooling technology engineering expert//tools engineer//tooling technology engineering consultant//press tooling engineer//tooling design engineer//tooling technology engineer//tooling engineering consultant//toolmaker//tooling engineering specialist//tooling development engineer//tooling technology engineering specialist//manufacturing tooling engineer//tooling engineering expert//toolmaker/tooling engineer |
Description | Industrial tool design engineers design various industrial tools in accordance with customer needs, manufacturing requirements, and building specifications. They test the designs, look for solutions to any problems, and oversee production. | Tooling engineers design new tools for manufacturing equipment. They prepare tooling quotation requests. They estimate costs and delivery time, manage tooling construction follow-up and supervise the routine maintenance of tools. They also analyze data to determine the cause of major tooling difficulties and develop recommendations and action plans for solutions. |
ISCO Number | 2144 | 2144 |
essential | essential | |
knowledge | knowledge | |
CAD software | CAD software | |
design drawings | CAE software | |
industrial engineering | engineering principles | |
industrial tools | engineering processes | |
manufacturing processes | ICT software specifications | |
mathematics | industrial engineering | |
mechanical engineering | manufacturing processes | |
mechanics | mathematics | |
production processes | mechanics | |
technical drawings | multimedia systems | |
skill/competence | physics | |
adjust engineering designs | production processes | |
approve engineering design | quality and cycle time optimization | |
create solutions to problems | reverse engineering | |
design prototypes | technical drawings | |
execute feasibility study | skill/competence | |
identify customer’s needs | adjust engineering designs | |
inspect industrial equipment | approve engineering design | |
perform scientific research | build a product’s physical model | |
provide technical documentation | create a product’s virtual model | |
read engineering drawings | determine production feasibility | |
troubleshoot | estimate duration of work | |
use CAD software | execute analytical mathematical calculations | |
use specialized design software | perform scientific research | |
use technical drawing software | provide cost-benefit analysis reports | |
optional | read engineering drawings | |
knowledge | use a computer | |
3D modeling | use CAD software | |
engineering principles | use computer-aided engineering systems | |
engineering processes | use technical drawing software | |
material mechanics | optional | |
reverse engineering | knowledge | |
skill/competence | 3D modeling | |
advise on safety improvements | electromechanics | |
build a product’s physical model | material mechanics | |
create a product’s virtual model | skill/competence | |
determine production capacity | advise customers on new equipment | |
determine production feasibility | analyze production processes for improvement | |
estimate duration of work | attend trade fairs | |
maintain industrial equipment | communicate with customers | |
manage supplies | design prototypes | |
monitor production developments | determine production capacity | |
plan manufacturing processes | ensure compliance with environmental legislation | |
provide advice to technicians | liaise with engineers | |
provide cost-benefit analysis reports | manage health and safety standards | |
use a computer | manage supplies | |
use computer-aided engineering systems | monitor production developments |
Industrial Tool Design Engineer | Tooling Engineer |
---|---|
Essential Future Skills | Essential Future Skills |
IoT | IoT |
big data | big data |
collaborative/autonomous robotics | collaborative/autonomous robotics |
artificial intelligence | artificial intelligence |
machine learning | machine learning |
cloud computing | cloud computing |
digital twins | agile human-machine interfaces (HM) |
agile human-machine interfaces (HM) | cyber-physical systems (CBS) |
cyber-physical systems (CBS) | augmented reality (AR) |
augmented reality (AR) | process analysis |
Cura 3D software | additive manufacturing |
cybersecurity | post-processing |
additive manufacturing | laser technology |
automated virtual metrology (AVM) system | 3D printing |
traceability | ERP and MES systems |
blockchain | communication among components, equipment (M2M), and environment |
virtual systems for process simulation and for process control | online inspection and monitoring systems |
basic data input and processing | equipment and process monitoring & its implementation |
advanced data analysis and modelization | automated virtual metrology (AVM) system |
data management-safe storage, | traceability |
cybersecurity | predictive and proactive maintenance |
use of digital communication tools | computerized maintenance management |
advanced communication skills | process simulation and integration in manufacturing |
interpersonal skills and empathy | virtual systems for process simulation and for process control |
entrepreneurship and initiative-taking | basic data input and processing |
risk management | advanced data analysis and modelization |
critical thinking and decision making | data management-safe storage, |
Interdisciplinary thinking and acting | use of digital communication tools |
active listening | advanced communication skills |
teamwork skills | interpersonal skills and empathy |
advanced literacy | entrepreneurship and initiative-taking |
quantitative and statistical skills | risk management |
complex information processing and interpretation | critical thinking and decision making |
complex problem solving | Interdisciplinary thinking and acting |
environmental awareness | active listening |
energy efficiency | teamwork skills |
product life cycle impact assessment | advanced literacy |
circular economy | quantitative and statistical skills |
Optional Future Skills | complex information processing and interpretation |
continuous learning | complex problem solving |
teaching and training the others | environmental awareness |
active listening | energy efficiency |
process analysis | platforms for energy management of equipment and plants |
knowledge and understanding of quality procedures related to digital transformation | monitoring systems of energy consumption |
negotiation skills | sustainable resource management |
customer relationship management | waste reduction and waste management |
leadership and managing others | water conservation |
adaptability and adapt to change | resource reuse/recycling |
cultural empathy | product life cycle impact assessment |
work autonomously | circular economy |
appropriate linguistic skills | Optional Future Skills |
creativity | cybersecurity |
conflict resolution | digital twins |
knowledge and understanding of international and national standards and legislation | continious learning |
- | teaching and training the others |
- | knowledge and understanding of quality procedures related to digital transformation |
- | negotiation skills |
- | customer relationship management |
- | leadership and managing others |
- | adaptability and adapt to change |
- | cultural empathy |
- | work autonomously |
- | appropriate linguistic skills |
- | creativity |
- | conflict resolution |
- | climate change risk management |
- | knowledge and understanding of international and national standards and legislation |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Akyazi, T.; Goti, A.; Oyarbide-Zubillaga, A.; Alberdi, E.; Carballedo, R.; Ibeas, R.; Garcia-Bringas, P. Skills Requirements for the European Machine Tool Sector Emerging from Its Digitalization. Metals 2020, 10, 1665. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10121665
Akyazi T, Goti A, Oyarbide-Zubillaga A, Alberdi E, Carballedo R, Ibeas R, Garcia-Bringas P. Skills Requirements for the European Machine Tool Sector Emerging from Its Digitalization. Metals. 2020; 10(12):1665. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10121665
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkyazi, Tugce, Aitor Goti, Aitor Oyarbide-Zubillaga, Elisabete Alberdi, Roberto Carballedo, Rafael Ibeas, and Pablo Garcia-Bringas. 2020. "Skills Requirements for the European Machine Tool Sector Emerging from Its Digitalization" Metals 10, no. 12: 1665. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10121665